Name-Tina Singh

Student ID- 619615

Class-B.Sc[ Semester -4 ] 2nd
year
Paper-2 Elements of quantum
mechanics
Subjects-
z Physics, computer
science,maths
 TOPIC-
HEISENBERG
UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE AND
HEISENBERG GAMMA
RAY MICROSCOPE
EXPERIMENT
 Where it
applies?
 It applies on microscopic bodies.

 It is used to calculate probabilities for where

things are and how they will behave.
 Introduction……….
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is a key principle in quantum
mechanics. Very roughly, it states that if we know everything about where
a particle is located (the uncertainty of position is small), we know nothing
about its momentum (the uncertainty of momentum is large), and vice
versa. Versions of the uncertainty principle also exist for other quantities
as well

Uncertainty principle was stated by WERNER KARL HEISENBERG IN

1927.

This principle gives a very vital relation between momentum and position
of an object.
HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE states that
 Example-
 Imagine a car moving along a road if you want to
see exact place where the car is we must pause
time and mark it’s place while you paused the time
you cannot measure it’s speed…if we unpaused
the time we will know the speed of car and it is
impossible to know the exact position of the car
as it is changing……
For a narrow wavegroup as shown in the figure 1.2 (a)
position of particle is precisely specified however the
wavelength is not well defined..
Since,

m*v ,particle momentum is not precise quantity in this

case.

On the other hand,wider wavegroup

such as in figure 1,2( b) has clearly
defined wavelength resulting in a
precise corresponding momentum but
width of the group is to be great to be
able to measure exact position.
Which means that position is not
precise quantity in this case.
As we know that a wavegroup is
associated with a particle.and the
wave moves in the form of group..
This generates the Heisenberg
uncertainty principle .. Heisenberg
said that if a wavegroup s
associated with the particle that
means particle is somewhere
present in that group i.e. there is
uncertainty in position of the
particle..
And there is uncertainty in velocity
also ,so there will be an uncertainty
in momentum of the particle.
Heisenberg said that a wave is
associated with a particle.For eg- if a
particle is there and we want to see
it.so a light must fall on it. Minimum
one photon must fall.
When a particle is there and light is
incident on it and till the incident light
after reflection reaches to our
eyes.particle’s position has changed.
So there will be an uncertainty in
momentum and if we want to decrease
this uncertainty we must increase the
wavelength and on increasing
wavelength then there will be an
uncertainty in particle’s position
Now if we want the exact position of
the particle so we must decrease the
wavelength and on decreasing
wavelength then there will be an
uncertainty in momentum…Thus it
clearly says that if we want to exactly
know one then there introduced
uncertainty in the second one and vice
versa.
 Energy and time
 In an atomic process for energy emitted during the time
interval ∆t the minimum uncertainty in number of ways
 We count in a group is one way frequency of wave= no. of
wave
 . time
interval

 HEISENBERG GAMMA RAY
MICROSCOPE EXPERIMENT
 Now we will se how Heisenberg has experimentally given his
uncertainty principle…

 What it says is that we cannot measure the position and momentum of

the particle together with 100% accuracy.

 There is always an uncertainty

 To prove the uncertainty principle experimentally Heisenberg has taken a

microscope..

 Whenever we see an object using microscope the relation that applies is

1.