QUANTUM MECHANICS

(PRESENTATION)
PRESENTED BY:
SAIRA DASTGIR (70076513)
PRESENTED TO:
MAM AYESHA ABBAS
Heisenberg UNCERTAINTY
PRINCIPLE
CONTENTS:
• INTRODUCTION
• STATEMENT
• EXPLANATION
• Mathematically
• EXAMPLE
INTRODUCTION
The Heisenberg principle was first introduced by
German physicist WERNER HEISENBERG in 1927.
In this principle, he says that the more precisely
the position of some particle is determined, the
less precisely its momentum can be predicted
from initial conditions and vise versa This Photo by Unknown
Author is licensed under
CC BY-ND
STATEMENT
 THE HEISENBERG uncertainty principle
states that ‘’if the x component of
momentum of the particle measured
with an uncertainty px then the x-
position cant measured at the same time
‘’
it is impossible to know both the
momentum and the position of a particle
at the same time.
The more accurately we know the one
value the less accurately we know the
other.
It applies only to microscopic bodies.
Explanation
• Classical mechanics is completely deterministic.
• But in quantum mechanics, a particle is represented by a
wave group so it cant be localized.
• So if we do not exactly know the position of a quantum
particle we can’t predict its future.
• according to Bohr and Heisenberg the probabilistic view is
fundamental in quantum physics .
ΔX is less defined ΔX is well defined
More uncertainty Less uncertainty
λ is well defined λ is ill defined
 As we know de Broglie wavelength relation is

λ= h/p
P= h/λ
So p is not well defined
Mathematical representation
• 
Δx. Δp ℏ/2
(or)
Δx. Δp h/4 ( ℏ = h/2π)

It is also applicable for o directions

ypy h/4𝜋
zpz h/4𝜋
Example
Imagine a car moving along a road if you want to see the exact place,
where the car is, you must pause time and mark its place. While you
paused the time you can’t know its speed
If you unpaused the time, you will know the speed of the car and then
it is impossible to know the exact position of the car as it is changing.