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Colligative Properties - 152 (Stripped)
Colligative Properties - 152 (Stripped)
Vapour pressure
Boiling point
Freezing point
Osmotic pressure
Learning objectives
Describe meaning of colligative property
Use Raoult’s law to determine vapor pressure of
solutions
Describe physical basis for vapor pressure
lowering
Predict magnitude of vapor pressure lowering
based on chemical formula
Calculate osmotic pressure in solution and use to
determine molar mass of solute
Predict direction of deviation in non-ideal cases
based on intermolecular forces
Physical vs Chemical
Mixing is physical process; chemical
properties don’t change
Properties of solutions are similar to those
of the pure substances
Addition of a foreign substance to water
alters the properties slightly
Colligative: particles are particles
T f K f m
For solutes which are not completely
dissociated, the van’t Hoff factor is applied
to modify m:
T f K f m i
Osmosis: molecular discrimination
A semi-permeable membrane
discriminates on the basis of molecular
type
Solvent molecules pass through
Large molecules or ions are blocked
Solvent molecules will pass from a place of
lower solute concentration to higher
concentration to achieve equilibrium
Osmotic pressure
Solvent passes into more conc solution
increasing its volume
The passage of the solvent can be
prevented by application of a pressure
The pressure to prevent transport is the
osmotic pressure
Calculating osmotic pressure
The ideal gas law states
PV nRT
But n/V = M and so
MRT
Where M is the molar concentration of
particles and Π is the osmotic pressure
Note: molarity is used not molality
Osmotic pressure and molecular
mass
Molar mass can be computed from any of
the colligative properties
Osmotic pressure provides the most
accurate determination because of the
magnitude of Π
0.0200 M solution of glucose exerts an
osmotic pressure of 374.2 mm Hg but a
freezing point depression of only 0.02ºC
Determining molar mass
A solution contains 20.0 mg insulin in
5.00 ml develops an osmotic pressure of
12.5 mm Hg at 300 K
M
RT
12.5mmHg 1
760mmHg
M 6.68 10 4 M
L atm
0.0821 300 K
mol K
Moles insulin = MxV = 3.34x10-6 mol
Ptotal P X A P X B
A
B
Ideal behaviour of liquid mixture
Total pressure in a mixture of toluene
(b.p. = 110.6ºC) and benzene (b.p. =
80.1ºC) equals sum of vapor pressures of
components