CHEMISTRY

▪ the study of matter and the changes it undergoes.

▪ often called the central science – basic knowledge of chemistry is
essential for many other subjects.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
▪ based on composition and properties
▪ includes substances, mixtures, elements, and compounds, as well as
atoms and molecules.
A Comparison: The Three States of Matter
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES can be measured and observed without changing the
composition or identity of a substance.

Examples:

mass color volume temperature density solubility

Physical properties may be classified as either intensive or extensive:

a. INTENSIVE PROPERTIES do not depend on the sample's size or mass.
Examples of intensive properties include boiling point, and state of matter.

b. EXTENSIVE PROPERTIES depend on the amount of matter in the sample.

Examples of extensive properties include size, mass, and volume.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE

PROPERTIES OF MATTER
Because they differ in size, the two samples of sulfur have different
extensive properties, such as mass and volume.

In contrast, their intensive properties, including color, melting point,

and electrical conductivity, are identical.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Density is defined as mass per

unit volume and is usually
expressed in grams per cubic
centimeter (g/cm3).

As mass increases in a given

volume, density also increases.

Water and oil. Since the oil has a

lower density than water, it
floats on top.
QUICK QUESTION:
Is density an extensive property or an
intensive property?
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of matter can only be observed by changing the
chemical identity of a sample by examining its behavior in a chemical reaction.
Examples of chemical properties include:

flammability reactivity toxicity

(observed from combustion) (measured by readiness to participate in (demonstrated by exposing
a reaction) an organism to a chemical).

Chemical and Physical Changes

A physical change only alters the shape or appearance of a sample and not its
chemical identity.

A chemical change is a chemical reaction, which rearranges a sample on a

molecular level.
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHANGES
A physical change only alters the shape or appearance of a sample and not its
chemical identity.
Examples of Physical Changes:

crushing a can melting ice cubes mixing sand and water shredding paper

A chemical change is a chemical reaction, which rearranges a sample on a

molecular level.
Examples of Chemical Changes:

Rusting iron burning of wood mixing baking soda

with vinegar
Milk going sour
Evidences of Chemical
Change:
▪ Change in Temperature
▪ Change in Color
▪ Noticeable Odor
▪ Formation of Precipitate
▪ Formation of Bubble/Gas
 Physical or Chemical Change?
• Crumpling a sheet of aluminum foil
• Breaking a bottle
• Digesting food
• Cooking an egg
• Heating sugar to form caramel
• Baking a cake
• Rusting of iron
• Sublimation of dry ice into carbon dioxide vapor
• Boiling water
• Evaporating alcohol
• Shredding paper
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
A substance is a form of matter that has definite (constant) composition and
distinct properties.

water (H2O) ammonia (NH3) Sucrose Gold (Au) Oxygen (O2)

(C12H22O11)

A mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which the

substances retain their distinct characteristics.

air soft drinks milk cement

PURE SUBSTANCES are either ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS.
Elements
▪ consist of only one type of atom
▪ can exist either as atoms or as molecules
▪ CANNOT be separated into simpler substances by chemical means
ATOMS are the basic units of
matter and the defining structure
of elements.

MOLECULES are made up of

atoms that are held together by
chemical bonds.
PURE SUBSTANCES are either ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS.
Elements
▪ uses SYMBOLS of one or two letters – first letter is always capitalized but
any following letters are not
▪ symbols of some elements are derived from their Latin names, whereas
most of them come from their English names
PURE SUBSTANCES are either ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS.
Compounds
▪ composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed
proportions
▪ can ONLY be separated by chemical means into their pure components

c c c

IMPORTANT!
▪ always contains the same ratio of component atoms
▪ have properties different from their component elements
PURE SUBSTANCES are either ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS.
Compounds
▪ composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed
proportions
▪ can ONLY be separated by chemical means into their pure components

IMPORTANT!
▪ always contain the same ratio of component atoms
▪ have properties different from their component elements

Sucrose: C12H22O11
PURE SUBSTANCES are either ELEMENTS or COMPOUNDS.
Compounds
▪ composed of atoms of two or more elements chemically combined in fixed
proportions
▪ can ONLY be separated by chemical means into their pure components
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
MIXTURES are either HOMOGENEOUS or HETEROGENEOUS.
Homogeneous Mixture
▪ composition that is the same throughout.
▪ has the same uniform appearance and composition throughout
▪ commonly referred to as solutions

water (H2O) Sucrose

(C12H22O11)

soft drinks
air milk
MIXTURES are either HOMOGENEOUS or HETEROGENEOUS
Heterogeneous Mixture
▪ composition is not uniform
▪ consists of visibly different substances or phases
▪ the parts in the mixture can be separated from one another

water (H2O) sand

soil
ice cubes in water salt and oil
Quick Check!
Classify each of the following as elements (E), compounds (C) or mixtures (M).
E
Diamond (C) C
Baking Soda
(NaHCO3)

C C
Salt (NaCl) Ethyl Alcohol
(CH3CH2OH)
M
Ink
E
M Aluminum
Bronze

C
M Garbage Hydrochloric Acid
Gasoline M (HCl)
Quick Check!
Column A lists a substance. In Column B, list whether the substance is an element (E), a
compound (C), a Heterogeneous Mixture (He), or a Homogeneous/Solution (Ho).

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Steam
2. Salt Water
3. Pencil lead (Pb)
4. Pepsi
5. Silver (Ag)
6. Toothpaste (Na2HPO4)
7. Chicken Soup
8. Lemonade (Powdered Juice)
9. Water (H2O)
10. Alcohol (CH3OH)
11. Concrete
12. Bismuth (Bi)
Quick Check!
Column A lists a substance. In Column B, list whether the substance is an element (E), a
compound (C), a Heterogeneous Mixture (He), or a Homogeneous/Solution (Ho).

COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. Steam C
2. Salt Water Ho
3. Pencil lead (Pb) E
4. Pepsi Ho
5. Silver (Ag) E
6. Toothpaste (Na2HPO4) C
7. Chicken Soup He
8. Lemonade (Powdered Juice) Ho
9. Water (H2O) C
10. Alcohol (CH3OH) C
11. Concrete Ho
12. Bismuth (Bi) E
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of SOLUTIONS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solute is the
substance present in a smaller amount. A solvent is the substance present in a
larger amount.

Types of Solutions (According to Phase)

Different types of solutions have solvents and solutes in different phases. Solutes
are dissolved in the solvent.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of SOLUTIONS
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. A solute is the
substance present in a smaller amount. A solvent is the substance present in a
larger amount.

Types of Solutions (According to Capacity to Dissolve a Solute)

A way of classifying solutions is by comparing the amount of solute to the
maximum capability to dissolve. These are:
1. Unsaturated Solution
▪ the amount of solute is less than the maximum amount of solute a certain
solvent can dissolve
2. Saturated Solution
▪ the amount of solute is equal to the maximum amount of solute the solvent
can dissolve
3. Supersaturated Solution
▪ the amount of solute is more than what the solvent can dissolve.
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility refers to the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a
given amount of solvent. Factors such as type of solute, type of solvent, and
temperature affect the solubility of a solute in a solution.

Factors such as type of solute, type of solvent, and temperature affect the
solubility of a solute in a solution.
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most solids in water increases as temperature increases.
Using solubility chart given below, the solubility of a solute at a given temperature
can be determined.

solubility temperature

Solubility of the following solutes:

NaNO3 - Sodium Nitrate
CaCl2 – Calcium Chloride
Pb(NO3)2 – Lead Nitrate
NaCl – Sodium Chloride
KNO3 – Potassium Nitrate
KCl – Potassium Chloride
K2Cr2O7 – Potassium Dichromate
KClO3 – Potassium Chlorate
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most solids in water increases as temperature increases.
Using solubility chart given below, the solubility of a solute at a given temperature
can be determined.

solubility temperature

Example:
What is the solubility of 80 grams of
potassium nitrate (KNO3)at 40°C in
100 grams of H2O?

Answer:
40°C = 80 g/100 g of H2O (80%)
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most gases in water decreases as temperature increases.
At high temperature more gas molecules have the energy to escape from solution.

solubility temperature
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most gases in water decreases as temperature increases.
At high temperature more gas molecules have the energy to escape from solution.

Who Needs Oxygen?

Dissolved Oxygen, also called DO, is vital to the health of aquatic habitats. Plants
and animals need oxygen to survive. A low level of oxygen in the water is a sign
that the habitat is stressed or polluted.
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most gases in water decreases as temperature increases.
At high temperature more gas molecules have the energy to escape from solution.

Because fish and other organisms that live in natural bodies of water can be
sensitive to the concentration of oxygen in water, decreased levels of dissolved
oxygen may have serious consequences for the health of the water’s ecosystems.
In severe cases, temperature changes can result in large-scale fish kills.
SOLUBILITY and SATURATION
Solubility of most gases in water increases as pressure increases.
The solubility of gas is directly proportional to the pressure above the liquid.
The pressure of a gas is the force that the gas exerts on the walls of its
container.

solubility pressure

For example, a can of soda is carbonated at high pressures in order to increase

the solubility of CO2. Once the can is opened, the pressure is reduced and the
excess gas escapes from the solution.
REMINDERS
• Summative Assessment on Thursday
(Oct. 22, 2020)
• Performance Task #1
• Examination Week (Oct. 26-28,
2020)
• PTs in Project-based Subjects
Learning Targets
• Define concentration.
• Perform calculations involving
mass percent and volume
percent solutions.
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
The amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of solution is called
concentration. The concentration of the solution tells you how much solute has
been dissolved in the solvent.

𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
c𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥100
𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

For example, a 100-gram vinegar label will report that the

solution is 5% by weight acetic acid (CH3OOH). What does it
mean?
This means that that there are 5 grams of acetic acid per 100 g
of solution.
5 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻
c𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 = 𝑥100
100 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠

= 5% CH3OOH
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Mass Percent % (m/m) of a solution refers to the mass of solute divided by the
mass of solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = ( )𝑥100
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 + 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕

Example #1:
What is the mass % (m/m) of a solution prepared by dissolving
a 30.0 grams of NaOH in 120.0 grams of H2O?

mass of solution = mass of NaOH + mass of H2O

= 150 grams of NaOH solution

30 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = ( )𝑥100
150.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Mass Percent % (m/m) of a solution refers to the mass of solute divided by the
mass of solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝑥100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Example #2:
What is the percent-by-mass % (m/m) concentration of
sucrose in a solution made by dissolving 7.6 g of
sucrose in 83.4 g of water?

mass of solution = mass of C12H22O11 + mass of H2O

= 91 grams of NaOH solution
7.6 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝐶12𝐻22𝑂11
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = ( )𝑥100
91 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝟖. 𝟒%
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Mass Percent % (m/m) of a solution refers to the mass of solute divided by the
mass of solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝑥100
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Self Check:
A solution is prepared with 15.0 g of sodium carbonate and
235 g of water. What is the mass percent (m/m) of sodium
carbonate in the solution?
mass of solution = mass of Na2CO3 + mass of H2O
= 250.0 grams solution
15.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 sodium carbonate
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = ( )𝑥100
250.0 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝟔%
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Mass/Volume Percent % (m/v) of a solution refers to the mass of solute divided
by the volume of solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % = 𝑥100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Example #3:
What is the mass %(m/v) of a solution prepared by
dissolving 5.0 grams of KI to give a final volume of 250
mL?

volume of solution = 250 mL

𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐾𝐼
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 %( ) = 𝑥100
𝑣 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝟐%
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Mass/Volume Percent % (m/v) of a solution refers to the mass of solute divided
by the volume of solution.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠/𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % = 𝑥100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
volume 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Self-Check:
What is the concentration in percent mass/volume of 150 mL of solution
containing 30 g of solute?

volume of solution = 150 mL

𝑚 30 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 %( ) = ( )𝑥100
𝑣 150 𝑚𝐿

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 % = 𝟐𝟎%
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Volume Percent % (v/v) of a solution refers to the volume of solute divided by the
volume of solution.
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % = 𝑥100
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 + 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡

Example #3:
A solution made from 35 mL of ethanol and 65 mL of water will
have a percent by volume of 35%.

volume of solution = 100 mL

35 𝑚𝐿 𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑙
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % (𝑚/𝑣) = ( )𝑥100
100 𝑚𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 % = 𝟑𝟓%
PERCENT CONCENTRATION
Answer the following questions. Show all work and report answers with units.
1. What is the percent by mass of 5.0 g of iron (II) sulfate dissolved in 75.0 g of
water?

2. A solution is made by adding 25 mL of benzene to 80 mL of toluene. What is

the percent by volume of benzene?

3. What is the percent by volume of a solution formed by mixing 25 mL of

isopropanol with 45 mL of water?

4. What is the mass percent of each component in the mixture formed by adding
12 g of calcium sulfate, 18 g of sodium nitrate, and 25 g of potassium chloride
to 500 g of water?

CHALLENGE QUESTION!
An experiment requires a solution that is 80% methyl alcohol by volume. What
volume of methyl alcohol should be added to 200 mL of water to make this
solution?
Pointer for SA
• Physical and Chemical Properties of
Matter
• Substances and Mixtures
• Solutions/Factors Affecting Solubility
• Percent Concentration (m/m, m/v,
v/v)