Unit 02:

Una-accelerated
Flight performance
Mr. Noble Sharma

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Equations of
motion
• Four Forces of flight in to consideration
are Lift, weight, drag and thrust

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Equations of
motion

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 What is the maximum range I
can get for a full tank of fuel
Propeller
engine What is the maximum time I
can be in air for a full tank of
fuel

Combustion
chamber Shaft
(Fuel burned)

• For IC engines the output is measured in power and the power is available at
the break of the shaft and is also known as break horse power

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Propeller
Specific fuel consumption 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
engine  
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟=
( 𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

  𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑆𝐹𝐶 = (𝐶 ) =
( 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 )(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

What is the unit Newton of Fuel consumed !

of C*P*dt

• If every thing is same, nothing

changes, then the primary cause
of change of weight of the UAV
-C*P*dt=dW is the fuel i.e. fuel is burned to
develop power

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Propeller
Specific fuel consumption
engine

Combustion
-C*P*dt=dW
chamber Shaft
(Fuel burned)
• P here is the power at the Break shaft
i.e. Break power
𝜼 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑 =𝟎 . 𝟗𝟓
 
• The power available at the propeller will
not be equal to the Break power because
of the efficiency of propeller

• Even though you have a big IC Engine if the propeller has lower efficiency then the power
available at the propeller will be less

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 Endurance for a Propeller-Driven UAV(Cont.)

• Since the weight of the air vehicle continually decreases as fuel is burned, it is
necessary to decrease the lift over time to maintain the condition L = W.

• This can be accomplished by decreasing the velocity or increasing the altitude over
time.

• Therefore, the equation applies only to flights with constant altitude and decreasing
velocity or constant velocity and increasing altitude.

• Since we assumed that L = W in deriving the simple range equation for propeller-
driven aircraft, it applies only to a flight in which that conditions are maintained from
start to finish.

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 Propeller
Range and Endurance:
engine

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 Endurance for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft
• Endurance is the time that the aircraft can
remain airborne before running out of fuel

• If we assume, as before, that everything but the

weight of the aircraft is constant over time, we
can integrate this and find that the endurance
(E) is given by:

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 Endurance for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft

• Examination of this equation shows that maximum

endurance occurs for much the same aircraft
parameters as are needed for long range: high
propeller efficiency, low specific fuel
consumption, and large fuel capacity.

• For maximum endurance, it is necessary for the

aircraft to operate at the maximum value of

• The velocity for maximum endurance shown

above is not the same velocity that results in
maximum range

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 Propeller
Range and Weight:
engine

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 Range and Endurance for a Propeller-Driven UAV

• Since PA = ηPe and PA = PR =DV for level flight, we can rewrite that equation as:

• Because L/D = W/D, D = W/(L/D), one can

substitute for D into the Equation (4.10) and
solve for Vdt, which becomes

Breguet Range
Equation!

• W0 is the empty weight of the aircraft (all fuel

expended)

• W1 is the weight at takeoff

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 Propeller
Range and Weight:
engine

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 Range for a Propeller-Driven Aircraft (Cont.)

Examination of the equation indicates

that the range of the aircraft is
increased by having higher propeller
efficiency, lower specific fuel
consumption, and large fuel capacity
(large difference between W1 and
W0).
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 JET engine Range and Endurance:

Exhaust

Thrust

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 Thrust specific fuel consumption JET engine Range and Endurance:
(TSFC)

𝑇h𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡=
  Newtons
  𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑇𝑆𝐹𝐶 =( 𝐶 𝑇 ) =
( 𝑁𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑇h𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) /(𝑠𝑒𝑐 )

What is the unit Newton of Fuel consumed !

of C*T_Av*dt

• If every thing is same, nothing

changes, then the primary cause
of change of weight of the UAV
-𝐶_𝑇*T_Av*dt=dW is the fuel i.e. fuel is burned to
develop power

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 Endurance of Jet propelled UAV JET engine Range and Endurance:

• Since the weight of the air vehicle continually decreases as fuel is burned, it is
necessary to decrease the lift over time to maintain the condition L = W.

• Therefore, the equation applies only to flights with constant altitude and decreasing
velocity or constant velocity and increasing altitude.

• For steady level un accelerated flight, Thrust available (T_Av) is equal to Thrust
required (T_req). Therefore the thrust required will be minimum when the thrust
required is minimum

• From previous session we know that for minimum thrust: (C_L/ C_D) should be minimum

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 JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

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 Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft

• For a jet-propelled aircraft, we start from

Equation and use the facts that T = D and L = W
to write:

• If we assume that L/D and ct are constant over

time we can integrate this to produce a simple
expression for the endurance of the jet-propelled
aircraft:

• For maximum endurance, the flight must be

performed at the velocity that produces
maximum L/D.

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 Endurance for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft (Cont.) JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

• This already has been considered in connection

with the range of a propeller-driven aircraft and
the velocity

• This velocity varies as the weight of the

aircraft decreases. The maximum value of L/D
is given by Equation (4.15).

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 JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

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 Problem 01 JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

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 Range for a Jet-Propelled Aircraft JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

• As for a propeller-driven aircraft, we want low specific fuel consumption (in this case
thrust specific fuel consumption) and large fuel capacity.

• In addition, for the jet-propelled aircraft we would like to have the minimum possible air
density, so we would prefer to fly at high altitudes.

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 Unit
Problems
02
Gliding Flight
Lift = W cos θ

Thrust (T ) = D +W sin θ
TV = DV + WV sin θ

  (𝜽)= 𝟏 1) The glide angle depends only on L/D and is independent

𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝑳
𝑫 2) The flattest glide angle occurs at the maximum L/D.

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 Glide Range Unit
Problems
02

Rate of Climb (Sink)

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 Problem 02 JET
Range and Endurance:
engine

• The max range condition occurs at max L/D

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 Unit
Problems
02

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 Unit
Problems
Max Endurance Flight Condition 02

• Maximum endurance glide occurs at the minimum power required flight condition.

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 Unit
Problems
02

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 Unit
Problems
02

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