Ang Sigaw sa Pugad

Lawin: the cry of

Pugadlawin
Ang Sigaw sa Pugad Lawin: the cry of
Pugadlawin
In spanish: Grito de Pugad Lawin
Was the Beginning of the Philippine Revolution against
the Spanish Empire. At the close August 23, 1896,
members of the Katipunan Secret Society “Katipuneros
“ led by Andrés Bonfacio.
Originally the term cry referred to the first clash
between the katipuneros and Civil Guards (Guardia
Civil).
 KKK
 The katipunan, officially known as the
Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan.
 Was a Philippine Revolutionary society.
 Its primary Goal was to Gain
independence from Spain through a
Revolution.
FOUNDERS OF KKK:
• Founders: Deodato Arellano, Andres Bonifacio,
Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Jose Dizon and
Teodoro Plata.

• Supreme President (Kataas-taasang Pangulo) :

• Deodato Arellano 1892-1893

• Roman Basa 1893-1895

• Andres Bonifacio 1895-1897

• The katipunan existence was revealed to the spanish authorities. Days
after the Spanish authorities learned of the existence of the Secret
society, in August 1896, Bonifacio and his men tore up their cedulas
during the Cry of Pugad Lawin that started the Philippine Revolution.
ASSASSINATION OF
ANTONIO LUNA
Antonio Luna Biography
Antonio Luna was a Filipino scientist and soldier who lived in the
late 19th century. His name is recognized primarily as the hot-tempered
general who fought against the United States in the Spanish-American
War and was eventually assassinated by his own soldiers, but he was
also widely recognized in the scientific community for his research of
contagious diseases. His efforts to free the Philippines from American
rule and his pharmaceutical and environmental science findings both
left their mark on his country.
Antonio Luna: Early Life
Understanding Luna’s later life and accomplishments can be helped by learning about his early
life and his education:

The youngest of seven children, Luna was born in Binondo, the commercial district of Manila, on
October 29, 1866.
He possessed strong skills in chemistry and other sciences, and in 1881 earned a Bachelor of Arts
degree from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila.
His college Jesuit teachers recognized his aptitude in chemistry, and encouraged him to study it
further. He did study it, along with literature, at the University of Santo Tomas, where his essay
entitled “Dos Cuerpos Fundamentales de la Quimica” (“Two Fundamental Bodies of Chemistry”)
won first prize in a competition.
• At the University of Santo Tomas, Luna also studied music, military science, and marksmanship.
Growing Up and Moving Around
In 1886 Luna moved to Madrid, where he earned a Licentiate in
Pharmacy. He went on to earn a Doctorate in Pharmacy in 1890, and his
doctoral examiners said he did extremely well.
His 1893 doctoral thesis on malaria, entitled “El Hematozoario del
Paludismo,” was favorably recognized by both physicians and medical
scientists.
• After completing his doctorate, Luna moved on to Paris, where he
researched bacteriology and histology at the Pasteur Institute, and
later to Belgium, where he studied medical chemistry.
Studies and Grants
After being given a grant for research in 1894 from the Spanish
government, Luna moved back to his home of Manila. The grant was to
be used to study tropical and communicable diseases.
Antonio took a post as the Chemist Expert of the Municipal Laboratory
of Manila, where he was the first person to conduct environmental
science studies. These studies included researching the contents of
several sources of water, which he found to be unfit to drink.
• He also was the first person to conduct a study on Philippine forensic
science, studying human blood and how it could be used as evidence
when investigating crimes.
Fencing, Revolution and Politics
While juggling all his scientific research, Luna also opened a fencing club in Manila, and this is
when his focus shifted.
He learned about the secret societies that existed in hopes of starting a Philippine revolution to
gain independence from Spain. One such society was called the Katipunan, which had begun in
1892.
Though he did not think the Filipinos were prepared to stage an actual revolution, his name
became linked with the Katipunan, an anti-Spanish revolutionary society. When the Katipunan
was discovered in 1896, Luna and his brother Juan were arrested and put in jail in Fort Santiago.
Juan was later released, but Antonio was exiled to Spain in 1897 and put in prison in Madrid.
Juan worked to have his brother released. However, his release was granted with the condition
that Antonio not leave Spain, by which he did not abide.
• During his time in prison he had decided to join the revolution and, after studying military
science and strategy in several European cities, he returned to the Philippines in July 1898.
Moving Up in the Military
Luna quickly rose up the military ranks and was made a general.
He started a military academy and became known as a strict disciplinarian, which made him
rather unpopular among the soldiers he trained.
He began a newspaper that was published daily with the goal of uniting the Filipino people
around the idea of becoming an independent nation. The paper was a huge success.
December of 1898 brought the Treaty of Paris, in which Spain turned control of the Philippines
over to the United States. The battles that followed between the Philippine and American
armies were horrific. Insubordination and confusion among Filipino troops eventually caused
Luna to resign as general, though three weeks later he returned to the army.
• On June 5, 1899, he was assassinated by physical force and stabbing by his own people –
Filipino soldiers whom Luna had either insulted, arrested, or disarmed for insubordination.
Antonio Luna is known as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, Filipino general.
ASSASSINATION OF
BENIGNO AQUINO
Benigno S. Aquino,
Jr.
Born on November 27, 1932, Tarlac,
Philippines.
Died: August 21, 1983.
Elected Philippine Senate in 1967.
He became the leading candidate for
the presidency in 1973.
The chief opposition leader during
the era of Martial Law.
He was imprisoned for seven years.
• Aquino was charged with murder, subversion
and illegal possession of firearms.

• In 1980 he was allowed to go to US for a

heart bypass operation. He remained in the
US as a refugee until returning to the
Philippines in 1983.
He was shot Dead at the Manila International Airport while in the
custody of Guards from the Avation Security Command.
• His alleged killer is Rolando Galman.
• Meanwhile, Sen. Aquino’s funeral from Santo Domingo Church in
Quezon City to Manila Memorial Park in Parañaque on August 31,
1983, turned out to be the largest and longest procession in the
Philippine History, attended by some 2 million from all walks of life.
• Following the assassination President Marcos was pressured to
appoint a five person, [Politically Neutral Investigative Board] led by
Judge Corazon Agrava.

• The official commission’s minority report found out that Aquino was
not slain by the Alleged Gunman, as Marcos and the military claimed,
but was the victim of a criminal conspiracy by the military led by Gen.
Fabian C. Ver.

• The majority report indicted Ver, General Luther Custodio, Avsecom

head General Prospero Olivas, among other members of the armed
forces. In December 1985 the court proclaimed that Gen. Ver and
others charged with Aquino’s murder were not Guilty.
• Within weeks a political movement formed around Aquino’s widow,
Corazon.

• In 1990, the Sandiganbayan convicted 16 military personnel, including

Custodio, of murder, and were sentenced to life imprisonment.
According to the ruling, based on narrations of two witnesses, it was
Rogelio Moreno who “fired the fatal shot” that killed Aquino, not
Galman.

• In 2007, Pablo Martinez was pardoned by then president Gloria

Macapagal Arroyo on humanitarian grounds.

• In 2010, 10 more convicts were released.

• Martinez, who upon his release reiterated that 
Eduardo “Danding” Cojuangco was the mastermind
behind the Aquino assassination, was killed in a 
hit-and-run incident along Quezon Boulevard in
2014.