IC E73 POWER

PLANTINSTRUMENTATION

Unit 1 – INTRODUCTION

K. Naveenkumar
Assistant Professor / ICE
 UNIT I INTRODUCTION:
 Piping and instrumentation diagram of a thermal power
plant, basic process on a boiler, Fuel measurement- review
of pressure and temperature measurement steam and water
flow measurement – instrument applications in power
stations: review of indicating and recording instrument
applications in power stations: review of indicating and
recording instruments, water level gauge for boiler drums,
closed circuit television instrument, gas analysis meters,
smoke instruments, dust monitor measurement of
impurities in feed water and steam generator coolant
controls and instruments-instrument maintenance aspects.
 Power system Or Power Plant
The power system is a network which consists
generation, distribution and transmission system.
It uses the form of energy (like coal and diesel)
and converts it into electrical energy. 
 Components of Power system
The power system includes the devices connected
to the system like the synchronous generator,
 motor, transformer, circuit breaker, conductor,
etc.
 Energy sources

1. Conventional / Non Renewable

2. Non Conventional / Renewable

 Conventional / Non Renewable

1.Steam (Coal)
2.Hydro (Water)
3.Thermal (Nuclear Atoms)
 Non Conventional / Renewable

1.Solar
2.Tidel
3.Wind
4.Geothermal
5.Fuel Cells
6.Biogas
7.MHD
Hydro Plant
Thermal Plant
Thermal Plant
 Types of Reactor

1. PWR
2. BWR
3. LMCR
4. CANDU
5. GCR
6. FBR
Comparison of Power Plants
 IMPORTANCE OF INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL IN
POWER GENERATION
 Meters are required to indicate, integrate, record and alarm the
various parameters like flow, pressure, temperature, level, density
etc.
 Sensing elements (or sensors), transmitters, power supplies
indicators, indicators, recorders, integrators, cabling arrangement,
panels, desks, etc., are covered under instrumentation or measuring
system.
 Apart from these, controllers, final control elements interfaces,
programmer, etc., are added and the whole gamut of equipment is
grouped as control and instrumentation system.
 Meter and instrument terms have been used interchangeably.
 In modem power plants, the cost of control and instrumentation
system exceeds 10% of the total equipment cost.
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS IN A POWER PLANT

 Mechanical Instruments (Temp, Pressure, flow, level, Speed etc)

 Electrical Instruments (V, I, P, PF, F etc)

Further, Indicating, Recording, Integrating and/or controlling

Temperature Measurements
Liquid filled thermometers
Gas filled bulb and tube
Vapour pressure
Electrical Resistance thermometer (RTD)
Thermocouples
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS IN A POWER PLANT

 Pressure Measurement
Standard Bourdon tube type pressure gauge
Helical tube or diaphragm
Vaccum gauge or manometer
Draft gauge

 Flow Measurement
Steam flow meters
Water flow
Air flow
Atomised Steam / Air flow
TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS IN A POWER PLANT

 Fuel Measurement
Coal
Gas meter
Oil Meters
 Level Measurement
 Speed Measurement
 Gas Analysis
OBJECTIVES OF INSTRUMENTATION & CONTROL

 Online control operation of various control loops

 Starting and stopping equipment

 Total start up and shut down procedures as well as safety interlock

The basic objective of a control is to operate the thermal power station

efficiently, economically, safely, Reliably and qualitatively

 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM
 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams (P&IDs) use specific symbols to show
the connectivity of equipment, sensors, and valves in a control system.
 These symbols can represent actuators, sensors, and controllers and may be
apparent in most, if not all, system diagrams.
 P&IDs provide more detail than a process flow diagram with the exception of
the parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure, and flow values. "Process
equipment, valves, instruments and pipe lines are tagged with unique
identification codes, set up according to their size, material fluid contents,
method of connection (screwed, flanged, etc.) and the status (Valves -
Normally Closed, Normally Open).“
 These two diagrams can be used to connect the parameters with the control
system to develop a complete working process.
P&ID
A P&ID should include:
Instrumentation and designations
Mechanical equipment with names and numbers
All valves and their identifications
Process piping, sizes and identification
Miscellaneous - vents, drains, special fittings,
sampling lines, reducers, and increasers.
Permanent start-up and flush lines
Flow directions
Interconnections references
P&ID
A P&ID should include: Contd…
Control inputs and outputs, interlocks
Interfaces for class changes
Seismic category
Quality level
Annunciation inputs
Computer control system input
Vendor and contractor interfaces
Identification of components and subsystems
delivered by others
Intended physical sequence of the equipment
P&ID
A P&ID should not include:
Instrument root valves
control relays
manual switches
equipment rating or capacity
primary instrument tubing and valves
pressure temperature and flow data
elbow, tees and similar standard fittings
extensive explanatory notes
 PIPING AND INSTRUMENTATION DIAGRAM

There are mainly two standards for diagramming

control

 SAMA (Scientific Apparatus Makers Association)

 ISA (Instrument society of Automation) –

Hardware based
INSTRUMENT LINE SYMBOLS
INSTRUMENT LINE SYMBOLS
Reactants enter a jacketed CSTR where a reaction takes place and the products exit. The
reactor is cooled via a coolant water stream. The temperature inside the reactor vessel is
monitored with a temperature controller (also contained in the controller is a sensor,
indicator, and transmitter), which electrically controls a valve. The valve can alter the
flowrate of the coolant water stream, thereby controlling the temperature inside the reactor.
A pressure controller is also present which feeds back to an inlet valve. Therefore, we can
deduce that this reaction is most likely gas phase and if the CSTR becomes too full (high
pressure) the inlet valve will close.