Ryan John B.

Perez
Electrical Engineering Department
Instrumentation and Control
ryanjohn.perez@ctu.edu.ph

Introduction

As in all engineering disciplines, the initial accuracy of these documents, and the regular
updating of them when changes are made, is critical, and one of the most important aspects of
engineering. For this reason, documentation is discussed in this chapter. Documentation standards and
symbols for all aspects of process control have been set up and standardized by the ISA, in conjunction
with the ANSI

I. SPECIAL SYMBOLS ARE USED FOR INSTRUMENTATION IN THE P&ID

An instrument is a device that measures—and sometimes controls—quantities such as flow,

temperature, angle, or pressure. The instruments group houses indicators, transmitters, recordings,
controllers, and elements.

EX.
 Example of a P&ID for Heat Exchange Process

A heat exchanger is a device that's designed to efficiently transfer heat from different areas or
mediums. This category includes boilers, condensers, and other heat exchangers. A heat exchanger is a
processing unit in which steam is used to heat up a liquid material. The P&ID diagram utilizes certain
standard symbols to represent the process units, the instrumentation, and the process flow.

• Table above shows balloons, rectangles, hexagons, and diamonds and these are used to denote
the instrumentation.
• Notice that a line through a symbol means it is accessible to an operator, such as by being in a
panel in the control room.
• No line means that the instrument is located in the field, perhaps at the control site itself, and is
not accessible to the operator.
• A dashed line means that the device is inaccessible by virtue of being located within other
equipment, such as behind the panel of a control room.

II. P&ID SIGNAL AND PROCESS LINES

• Pipes, tubes and hoses are shown by using different styles of lines. Each line is then
labeled with a number, which includes defining information about the component’s
 class, size, insulation and other factors. If pipes cross but aren’t connected, you can keep
them separate in the drawing by breaking one of the lines or adding a curve.
• Signal Lines, to communicate information between components, P&IDs include symbols
for each type of signal.

Process connection lines are represented by a solid line that shows the direction of
flow.

An electrical signal line is a type of instrumentation line that represents the

transmission of electrical signals between devices or components in a process
system. These lines are used to indicate the flow of signals that carry information
related to the control, measurement, or monitoring of the process

An electric binary signal line is used to represent the transmission of digital signals
between components in a process system. These signals are typically used to
indicate the state of a device or component, such as an on/off switch or a limit
switch.

In the P&ID diagram, capillary connection lines are used to represent the connection
between a pressure gauge and its associated diaphragm or Bourdon tube

A software signal line is used to represent the flow of digital signals between
software-based components in a process system. By using these lines, engineers and
technicians can better understand the flow of data within the process.

A software signal line is used to represent the flow of digital signals between
software-based components in a process system. By using these lines, engineers and
technicians can better understand the flow of data within the process.

Hydraulic signal these lines are used to represent the transmission of fluid pressure
between components in a process.

In a P&ID diagram, pneumatic signal and pneumatic binary signal lines are used to
represent the transmission of air pressure between components.

A waveguide is a structure that is designed to carry electromagnetic waves, such as

radio waves, microwaves, and light waves.
 Letters/Numbering Coding
III.

Tag numbers are a series of letters and numbers that identify a device as what it is controlling,
the type of device being used, and the number assigned to it on the P&ID. The first letter indicates the
parameters being controlled, monitored, or measured. The second letter tells the type of device being
used.

Data Feed from A Computer as A Solid Line with Small Bubbles

EX.

The instrumentation associated with control systems varies from sensors and transmitters to
controllers, computers, and PLCs. These are drawn as bubbles with or without rectangles. In general, the
instrument symbol will be identified by a letter code, which denotes its function, and by a number code
assigned by the designers, which may identify the loop or some region of the plant.
 A pressure recorder is a type of instrument used to record the pressure
of a gas or liquid over time. It typically consists of a pressure sensing
element, a mechanism for recording the pressure readings, and a
power source or means of storing the data.

A flow controller is a type of controller that regulates the flow rate of a

fluid through a system. It does this by adjusting the position of a valve,
which in turn controls the size of the opening through which the fluid
can flow.

The PLC Includes Many Math Operation

IV.

Math functions can be performed digitally in PLCs using software. However, these functions
were performed using hardware or analog devices (e.g., use of a square root to convert a pressure
measurement to flow data). These functions have been symbolized. Some examples of these math
symbols shown above root, multiplication, division, derivative function, and subtraction.
EX.

These PLCs have the ability to perform a variety of math operations on this data, from simple
addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, to exponential and trigonometric operations. In this
way, the PLC can be made to process continuous plant data such as PID control.

Actuators and Process Elements

V.
 The last aspect of the P&ID are those elements that are part of the process itself. This
includes control valves, actuators for control valves, conveyors, tanks, and so forth. Symbols above
shows some of the more common elements that fall within this category.

Illustration of a P&ID for a chemical Process

EX.

In many cases, the standard allows the user to pictorially represent specialized equipment
in the process, such as heaters and pumps, in ways consistent with common drafting practice. Bubbles
are often used to identify the element in terms of the control loop it serves. Piping and Instrumentation
Diagrams (P&IDs) use specific symbols to show the connectivity of equipment, sensors, and valves in a
control system. These symbols can represent actuators, sensors, and controllers and may be apparent in
most, if not all, system diagrams. P&IDs provide more detail than a process flow diagram with the
exception of the parameters, i.e., temperature, pressure, and flow values. "Process equipment, valves,
instruments and pipe lines are tagged with unique identification codes, set up according to their size,
material fluid contents, method of connection and the status. The generic symbol for a 2-way valve is
two triangles pointing to each other with the tips of the inner points touching, these examples use single
solid lines which represent simple rigid pipes or tubing.