Computer Network

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 Overview

• Data Communication
• Networking
• Distributed Systems and Networks
• Communication Tasks
• Type of Networks
• Protocol Layers
• ISO/OSI Reference Model
• TCP/IP Reference Model
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 Data Communication
 Communication: Two nodes. Mostly EE issues.

Networking
 Networking : Two or more nodes. More issues,
e.g.. routing.

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 Distributed system and Networks
 Distributed system:
 Users are unaware of underlying structure.
 Mostly operating systems issues.
 Nodes are generally under one organizations
control.
 Networks:
 Users specify the location of resources.
 Nodes are autonomous

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 What is a network?

 A network is a collection of individual computers,

connected by some physical media and
networking devices.

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 Communications Tasks
 Transmission system utilization
 Interfacing
 Signal generation
 Synchronization between transmitter and receiver
 Exchange management
 Error detection and correction
 Flow control
 Addressing
 Routing
 Recovery
 Message formatting
 Security
 Network Management
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 Types of networks

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 Types of networks(cont)
Enterprise vs Telecom networks:
Ethernet is the most common interface in the enterprise
Frame Relay and ATM are common in telecom networks
Local Area Networks(LAN) 0-2 K.M. single ownership
Metropolitan Area Network(MAN) 2-50 K.M.
Wide Area Network(WAN): 50+ K.M.
Telecom Networks:
 Access: Between subscriber and service provider
 Metro: Covering a city
 Core: Between cities

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 Defining LANs, MANs, and WANs
Local Area Network (LAN): A LAN supports fast, low−error
data transfer on a physical network infrastructure that covers a
small, limited geographic area, such as within a single building
or on a single floor of a building.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): A MAN is a network that

spans an area larger than a LAN but is less dispersed
geographically than a WAN. A MAN network may connect
several LANs on a single company's campus, or interconnect the
LANs of several companies and businesses in one part of town,

 Wide Area Networks (WAN): A WAN,, is a network that

interconnects LANs and MANs across a broad geographic area
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 A Local Area Network

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 LAN Topologies
• Define network device organization
• Four common types
– Bus topology
– Tree topology
– Star topology
– Ring topology
• Topologies are logical architectures
– Actual devices need not be physically
organized in these configurations
 Bus and Tree Topology

ree topology
branch” with
multiple nodes
Star Topology (LAN)
• Center: hub,
repeater, or
concentrator
• Typically used
in both Ethernet
and Token Ring
• 5 to 100+ devices
Ring Topology (LAN)
Redundant ring to
avoid network failure

• Repeaters at each
component
• Unidirectional
transmission links
• Closed loop
• Typically used
in FDDI networks
 A Wide Area Network

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 Why Network Your Computers?

• Users can share resources and communicate

 File sharing.
 Hardware sharing (printers, CD-ROM drives, and
hard drives )
 Program sharing
 User communication.
 Multiplayer gaming

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 Protocol Layers

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 Reasons why a layered−model is used

 Change: changes made to one layer, the impact on the

other layers is minimized.

 Design: protocol designers can specialize in one

area (layer) without worrying about how any new
implementations affect other layers.

 Learning: The layered approach reduces the

complexity and makes learning ,understanding the
actions of each layer and the model on the whole
much easier.
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 Troubleshooting: The protocols, actions, and data
contained in each layer of the model relates only to
the purpose of that layer. This enables
troubleshooting efforts to be pinpointed on that layer.

 Standards: Probably the most important reason

for using a layered model is that it establishes a
prescribed guideline for interoperability between the
various vendors developing products that perform
different data communications tasks.

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 ISO/OSI Reference Model

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 Devices Function at Layers
7 Application
6 Presentation
NIC Card
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Data Link
1 Physical
Hub
 Media Layers

}
Network 7 Application
Applications
6 Presentation Host layers: Provide
5 Session accurate data delivery
End to End between computers
Services 4 Transport

}
3 Network
Routing 2 Data Link
Media layers: Control
Data 1 Physical physical delivery of messages
Transmission over the network
 Layer Functions
7 Application Network services to applications

6 Presentation Data representation

5 Session Inter-host communication

4 Transport End-to-end connection reliability

3 Network Addresses and best path

2 Data Link Access to media

1 Physical Binary transmission

• Wires, connectors, voltages,
data rates
 Service and Protocol Data Unit

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 OSI Reference model

• The Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model,

the OSI model was developed by the ISO
(International Standards Organization) and released
in 1984.

• The OSI model, as it is called for short, defines the

rules, mechanisms, formats, and protocols used to
guide how data flows from one device to another.

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 Physical Layers

• The Physical layer of the OSI model defines

the electrical and mechanical specifications
used in networking, including transmission
distances, the various types of media
available, and electrical issues.

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 The Data Link Layer

• Physical addressing
• Network topology
• Error notification
• Access to the physical medium
• Flow control

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 The Network Layer

• Message addressing
• Path determination between source and destination
nodes on different networks

• Routing messages between networks

• Controlling congestion on the subnet

• Translating logical addresses into physical addresses

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• When the message (which moves down through the
seven OSI layers on Johns computer before its sent out
on the local network in binary form) arrives at Router 1,
it moves up from the Physical layer to the Data Link
layer to the Network layer. At Layer 3, its determined
that the message is not on a network attached to Router
1 and the message is sent down through the Data Link
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 The Transport Layer

• Segment and assemble upper−layer applications

• Transport segments from one host to another host

• Establish and manage end−to−end operations

• Error recovery

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 The Session Layer

• A session is a series of related connection−oriented

transmissions between network nodes.
• Session Layer, establishes, manages, and
terminates sessions between applications.
• The session layer provides a name space that is
used to tie together the potentially different
transport streams that are part of a single
application.
• Session layer is its role in deciding whether a
communications session uses a simplex,
half−duplex, or full−duplex transmission mode.
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 Presentation Layers

• Data encryption

• Data compression

• Data formatting

• Data conversion

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 The Application Layer

 Application layer defines the communication services used

by the users applications to transmit data over the network.
 FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
 E−mail clients
 Web browsers
 Telnet
 SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
 BBS (bulletin board system) servers
 EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) and other transaction
services

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 OSI vs TCP/IP

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 OSI vs TCP Reference Models
 OSI introduced concept of services, interface,
protocols. These were force-fitted to TCP later
⇒ It is not easy to replace protocols in TCP.
 In OSI, reference model was done before protocols.
In TCP, protocols were done before the model
 OSI: Standardize first, build later
TCP: Build first, standardize later
 OSI took too long to standardize.
TCP/IP was already in wide use by the time.
 OSI became too complex.
 TCP/IP is not general. Ad hoc.
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 Access Network&
Transmission Media

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 Overview

Access Network
Electromagnetic Spectrum
 Transmission Media: Twisted Pair, Coax,
fiber, wireless
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) categories
 Reflection and Refraction
 Antennas: Isotropic, directional, omni-directional
 Terrestrial and Satellite Microwave

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 Access Network

 Physical link that connect an end system to its edge

router.
 Closely tied to physical media.

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 Access Network(contd.)

 Access networks can be loosely divided into three

categories:

 residential access networks (using modem)

 Institutional access networks (using LAN)

 Mobile access networks (using CDPD)

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 Transmission Media

• Guided:
 Twisted Pair
 Coaxial cable
 Optical fiber

• Unguided:
 Microwave
 Satellite
 Wireless
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 Twisted Pair (TP)
• Twists decrease the cross-talk
• Neighboring pairs have different twist length
• Most of telephone and network wiring in homes
and offices is TP.
• Speed increases the distance reduces
 Unshielded and Shielded TP
• Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Ordinary telephone wire
 Cheap, Flexible Easiest to install
 No shielding Suffers from external EM interference
 Used in Telephone and Ethernet

• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

 Metal braid or sheathing that reduces interference
 More expensive
 Harder to handle (thick, heavy)
 Used in token rings

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 UTP Categories

• Cat 3
 Up to 16MHz
 Voice grade found in most offices
 Twist length of 7.5 cm to 10 cm
• Cat 4
 Up to 20 MHz. Not used much in practice.
• Cat 5
 Up to 100MHz
 Used in 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet
 Twist length 0.6 cm to 0.85 cm
• Cat 5E (Enhanced), Cat 6, Cat 7
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 Coaxial Cable
• Higher bandwidth than UTP. Up to 500 MHz.
• Used in cable TV
• Categorized in RG-59, RG-58, RG-11
 Summary

• Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) vs STP

• Single mode and multimode optical fiber
• Optical communication wavelengths
• Isotropic vs omni directional vs directional
antennas
• Parabolic antenna for microwave
• Ground wave, sky wave, line of sight

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