Chapter – 4 Atomic

Structure
 ATOMS

The word atom is derived from the Greek word

Atomos, which indivisible. The great Indian
philosopher, Kannada was the first to define
atom as an indestructible, which can not exist
independently.
 ACCORDING TO JOHN DALTON, THE
ATOMIC THEORY WAS BASED ON THE
FOLLOWING POINTS-:
They are -:
1) Matter is composed of very small particles called atoms.
2) Atoms cannot be furthers subdivided, thy are indivisible.
3) Atoms can neither be created nor be destroyed.
4) Atoms of the same elements are identical in all respects.
5) Atoms of different elements differ from each other.
 STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
Experiments show that the atom can be further
divided into fundamental particles or subatomic
particles.
Atoms contain electron, proton and neutron.
The protons and neutrons form a tiny core called
nucleus around the centre of an atom.
The electrons revolve or travel around the nucleus
called orbits or shells.
 DO YOU KNOW?
Electrons- They are negatively charged particles and carry one unit
negative charge. Mass of an electrons is nearly 1/1840 times of an
hydrogen atom.
Protons- They are positively charged particles and carry one unit
positive charge Mass of a proton is equal to that of hydrogen atoms.
Thus, proton’s mass is 1840 times heavier then electrons.
Neutron- It is electrically neutral and carries no charge. Its mass is
equal to that of proton.
Mas of atoms and its subatomic particles are measured in amu
(atomic mass unit) or u. Mass of proton=Mass of neutron=1u; Mass
of electrons is negligible.
MOLECULE
When Two or more atoms combine, they for a molecule.
If the combining atoms are of same type, they form a
molecule of an element. Ex- two atoms of hydrogen combine
to form a molecule of hydrogen.
If the atoms of different elements combine, they form a
molecule of a compound. Ex- two atoms of hydrogen when
combine with an atom of oxygen, they a molecule of water.

Atoms of oxygen Atoms of hydrogen Molecule of water

 RADICLE
A radicle can be defined as a single atom of
an element or a group of atoms of different
elements that behave as a single unit and
carries a charge. Ex- a hydroxyl ion is made
up of one oxygen atom combined with a
hydrogen atom . It carries a negative charge(-
1) and its chemical formula is (OH-) .
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ATOM, MOLECULE AND RADICLE
ATOMS
They cant exist in free state.
They may or may not react.
They show no linkage.
They are electrically neutral.
Atom is divided into subatomic
particles- electrons, protons and
neutrons.
Ex- hydrogen atoms- H
MOLECULES
They can exist independently.
They are stable particles.
They are formed by sharing or
transferring of electrons.
They are electrically neutral.
Two or more atoms combine to
form a molecule.
Ex- two atoms of hydrogen
combine to form a molecule of
hydrogen element. They are
represented as (H2).
RADICLES
They can exist independently.
They are highly reactive.
They are formed chiefly by sharing of
electrons.
They are positively charged or negatively
charged.
They can be broken into an atoms of an
elements or a group of atoms of different
elements.
An atom of hydrogen or combination of a
hydrogen and an oxygen atom , carrying a
+1 and -1 charge. They are represented as
H+ and H-
 ATOMICITY
The term ‘Atomicity’ is defined as the number of atoms in a molecule of an element. On the basis of their
atomicity , molecules are of three types- mono atomic, di atomic, tri atomic and poly atomic.

Mono Atomic Molecule Di atomic Molecule Tri Atomic Molecule Poly Atomic Molecule
They contain only one They consist of two They consist of three They consist of more
atom i.e., their
They contain only one atom, i.e., their
They consist of two atom, i.e., their
They consist of three than
Theythree atoms
consist i.e.,
of more
atomicity
atom i.e., is 1.
their atomicity
atom, i.e.,is their
2. atomicity
atom, i.e.,istheir
3. Their atomicity
than three atomsisi.e.,
atomicity is 1. atomicity is 2. atomicity is 3. 4,5,6….
Their atomicity is
4,5,6….
Ex- Inert gases like Ex- Hydrogen- , Oxygen- Ex- Ozone- Ex- Phosphorus-
helium-He, neon- Ne
Ex- Inert gases like
helium-He, neon- Ne
 VALENCY
 
Valency is the maximum number of univalent
atoms that may combine with an atoms of the
element or replaced by one atom of the element.
The valency of hydrogen is taken as 1 and the
valency of other elements with respect to hydrogen
is defines as the number of hydrogen atoms that
can combine with an element to form compounds
with hydrogen . Ex- Two atoms of hydrogen
combine with one atom of oxygen to form a
molecule of water (O).
 DO YOU KNOW?
The outer most shell of an atom is called the valence shell and
the electrons present in valence are called valence electrons.

The number of protons in an atom of an element is called the

atomic number of the element. It is represented by Z.

The total number of protons and neutrons presents in the

nucleus of an atom of an element is called the mass number of
an element. It is represented by A.
 VALENCY OF A RADICLE
 
The valency of a radicle is the number of hydrogen atoms which combine
with it to form a compound. Thus, chloride (), Bromide( ) Iodide ( ) etc. have
a valency one and have negative charge (-) with it. They are called
electronegative monovalent radicles. Sulphate () , Carbonate( ) combine
with two hydrogen atoms and are called electronegative bivalent radicles.
Similarly, many radicle combine with one hydroxide radical which has the
valency one. Radicles like Sodium() Silver() have a valency of one and are
called electropositive monovalent radicles while radicles like calcium (),
magnesium () etc are electropositive divalent radicles. Similarly
Aluminium(), Ferric() etc are called electropositive trivalent radicles.
PERIODIC TABLE
The periodic table was invented by a Russian scientist,
Dmitri Mendeleev in which the elements were
arranged in the order of increasing number of atomic
masses.
It is arranged into tabular form . There are 118
element in a periodic table. They are arranged in rows
and columns. Each row is called a period. There are 7
periods and 18 vertical columns in a periodic table.
They are divided into eight groups which are
represented using roman numerals from I to VIII. The
periodic table was based on the increasing order of the
atomic number.
 THANK YOU
A PRESENTATION
BY
ANINDYA SEN