Basics of Internet

Unit-1
AGENDA
• Evolution of the Internet
• Overview of the Internet
• Overview of Intranet and Extranet
• Internet Reference Models
About the Internet
• Internet is defined as an Information super Highway, to access information over the web.
However, It can be defined in many ways as follows:
• The Internet is a collection of networks that are connected together for exchange of information.
• Internet is a world-wide global system of interconnected computer networks.
• Internet uses the standard Internet Protocol (TCP/IP).
• Every computer in internet is identified by a unique IP address.
• IP Address is a unique set of numbers (such as 110.22.33.114) which identifies a computer
location.
• A special computer DNS (Domain Name Server) is used to give name to the IP Address so that
user can locate a computer by a name.
• For example, a DNS server will resolve a name http://www.tutorialspoint.com to a particular IP
address to uniquely identify the computer on which this website is hosted
Evolution
• The concept of Internet was originated in 1969 and has undergone several technological &
Infrastructural changes as discussed below:
• The origin of Internet devised from the concept of Advanced Research Project Agency Network
(ARPANET).
• ARPANET was developed by United States Department of Defense.
• Basic purpose of ARPANET was to provide communication among the various bodies of government.
• Initially, there were only four nodes, formally called Hosts.
• In 1972, the ARPANET spread over the globe with 23 host terminals located at different countries
and thus became known as Internet.
• By the time, with invention of new technologies such as TCP/IP protocols, DNS, WWW, browsers,
scripting languages etc., Internet provided a medium to publish and access information over the
web.
Internet Generation
History of Internet
• 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory shows effectiveness of packet-switching
• 1967: ARPAnet conceived by Advanced Research Projects Agency
• 1969: First ARPAnet node operational
• 1972: 15 nodes in ARPAnet; First e-mail program
• 1973: Metcalfe’s PhD thesis proposes Ethernet
• 1974: Cerf and Kahn - architecture for interconnecting networks
• 1983: deployment of TCP/IP
• 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined
• 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
• early 1990s: Web
• Late 1990’s – 2000’s: instant messaging, P2P file sharing; network security, est. 50 million host, 100
million+ users, backbone links running at Gbps
Use of Internet
• You can use the Internet to:

• Communicate with people all around the world instantaneously.

• Get the latest information on a current event.

• Search for information

• Buy and Sell products.

• Perform banking transactions.

Connecting to the Internet
• Computing Devices
• Connecting Devices
• Internet Service Provider (ISP)

• Computing device:
• Personal computer
• Portable computer (laptop)
• Mobile device (cell phone or handheld
device)

• Connection device:
• Modem , Router
Internet Service Provider

How Internet Comes to us ?

Internet Structure: network of networks
• Roughly hierarchical
• at center: “tier-1” ISPs (e.g., UUNet, BBN/Genuity, Sprint, AT&T),
national/international coverage
– treat each other as equals
Tier-1 providers
also interconnect
Tier-1 Tier 1 ISP at public network
providers access points
interconnect
NAP
(NAPs)
(peer)
privately
Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP
Internet Structure: network of networks
• Tier-2” ISPs: smaller (often regional) ISPs
– Connect to one or more tier-1 ISPs, possibly other tier-2 ISPs

Tier-2 ISPs
Tier-2 ISP pays Tier-2 ISP also peer
Tier-2 ISP privately with
tier-1 ISP for
connectivity to Tier 1 ISP each other,
rest of Internet NAP interconnect
 tier-2 ISP is at NAP
customer of
tier-1 provider Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP

Internet Structure: network of networks
• “Tier-3” ISPs and local ISPs
– last hop (“access”) network (closest to end systems)
local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Local and tier- Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
3 ISPs are
customers of Tier 1 ISP
higher tier NAP
ISPs
connecting
them to rest Tier 1 ISP
Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP
of Internet
local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
14
Internet Structure: network of networks
• A packet passes through many networks!

local
ISP Tier 3 local
local local
ISP ISP
ISP ISP
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
Tier 1 ISP
NAP

Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Tier-2 ISP

local
Tier-2 ISP Tier-2 ISP
ISP
local local local
ISP ISP ISP
Who Owns the Internet
• No one actually owns the Internet, and no single person or organization
controls the Internet in its entirety. The Internet is more of a concept than an
actual tangible entity, and it relies on a physical infrastructure that connects
networks to other networks.
Is Web and Internet the Same?
Incarnation of WWW
Introduction to WWW
• However, Tim persevered. By October of 1990, he had specified the three fundamental
technologies that remain the foundation of today’s Web (and which you may have seen appear
on parts of your Web browser):

• HTML: Hypertext Markup Language. The publishing format for the Web, including the ability to
format documents and link to other documents and resources.

• URI: Uniform Resource Identifier. A kind of “address” that is unique to each resource on the
Web.

• HTTP: Hypertext Transfer Protocol. Allows for the retrieval of linked resources from across the
Web.
Introduction to WWW
• The World Wide Web (WWW or simply, the Web):

• Refers to the collection of information that is accessible on the Internet.

• The information is in the form of text, pictures, and sound.

• The Web is a very popular service on the Internet.

Web  Internet
• Web and the Internet are technically two different terms:

• The Internet connects multiple computers and forms a network on which a computer can
communicate with another computer.

• The Web is a way of accessing and sharing information over the Internet by using Web
browsers.
OR
• A collection of interlinked multimedia documents that are stored on the Internet and
accessed using a common protocol (HTTP)
Web Generations
Web 1.0
• Web 1.0 is an old internet that only allows people to read from the internet. 
Web 1.0
• Technical Aspect

• Looking from the technical perspective, Web 1.0 solutions requires no or very less
scripting. So this implies that simple HTML and image editing skills are enough for web
1.0 development.
Web 2.0
• A term used to describe a new generation of Web services and applications
with an increasing emphasis on human collaboration.

• It is a platform that gives users the possibility (liberty) to control their data.

• This is about user-generated content and the read-write web.

• People are consuming as well as contributing information through blogs or

sites like Flicker, YouTube, Digg, etc.
Web 2.0
Web 2.0
• User can participate by :-

• Podcasting

• Blogging

• Tagging

• Contributing to RSS (web feed)

(Really Simple Syndication)

• Social bookmarking

• Social networking
Web 2.0
• Technical Aspect
• The client-side/web browser technologies used in Web 2.0 development are :

• Ajax(Asynchronous JavaScript +XML)

• Ajax programming uses JavaScript to upload and download new data from the web server
without full page reload.

• Adobe Flex
• Flex makes it easier for programmers to populate large data grids, charts, and other heavy user
interactions. Applications programmed in Flex, are compiled and displayed as Flash within the
browser
Web 1.0 Vs Web 2.0
Web 1.0 Web 2.0

• The mostly read only Web • The widely read -write web
• 45million global user(1996). • 1 billion + global user(2006)
• Focused on companies • Focused on communities
• Home pages • Blogs
• Owning content • Sharing content
• HTML,portals • XML,RSS
• Web forms. • Web Application
• Netscape • Google
• Page views • Cost per click
Introducing New Kind of Web
• Main Reasons

• How will our information be organized ?

• Will we still do the “surfing” or will the machine surf for us ?

Introducing New Kind of Web
• Beyond the present Web Lets move towards the “Web of Data”.

• New kind of Web capable of reading and understanding content and context.

• When the web can understanding content it can better satisfy the request of
people and machines.
Web 3.0 (New Big Thing)
Semantic Web

• It is a Web of data.
• The term “Semantic Web” refers to W3C’s vision of the Web of linked data. 

Artificial Intelligence
• Extracting meaning from the way people interact with the web.

Mobility
• everything, everywhere, all the time
Web 3.0
• Ingredients:
• RDF(Resource Description Framework)

• Language for representing information about resources in the World Wide Web.
• Defining & describing data and relationship among data.
• RDF is based on the idea of identifying things using Web identifiers which is called Uniform Resource Identifiers, or URIs

• OWL(Web Ontology Language)

• With RDF Scheme we can define concepts and make simple relations between them.
• But, RDF scheme is limited. A language needs more expression and logic to make good reasoning possible.
• That’s why OWL (The Web Ontology Language) was invented.
• Its mean to reason you need rules
Intranet
What is Intranet ?

• Internal company network that uses Internet standards (HTML, HTTP & TCP/IP
protocols) & software.

• Accessed only by authorized persons, especially members or employees of

the organization
Intranet Security
Two levels of Security required:

• Internal
It can be imposed by Public Key Security & Encryption Key.

• External
Through Firewall.
What is Firewall ?
• Security device located between firm’s internal network (intranet) & external
network (internet).

• Regulates access into & out of a company’s network based on a set of rules.

Note : needs to be upgraded from time to time to check latest potential security problems.
Applications of Intranet
• Sharing of company policies/rules & regulations
• Access employee database
• Distribution of circulars/Office Orders
• Access product & customer data
• Sharing of information of common interest
• Launching of personal/departmental home pages
• Submission of reports
• Corporate telephone directories
 Disadvantages
Management  A company may not have person to update their
problem Intranet on a routine basis
 Fear of sharing information and the loss of control
 Limited bandwidth for the business
Security  Unauthorized access
problem  Abuse of access
 Denial of service
Productivity  Information overload lowers productivity
problem  True purpose of the Intranet is unknown to many
employees/departments
 Hidden or unknown complexity and costs
Extranet
What is Extranet ?
• Extranet is an Intranet for outside authorized users using same internet technology.
• An Extranet that can be partially accessed by authorized outside users, enabling
businesses to exchange information over the Internet in a secure way.
• Inter-organizational information system.
• Enable outsiders to work together with company’s employees.
• Open to selected suppliers, customers & other business partners
Examples..
• Dealers/distributors have access to
product files such as :-
1. product specification,
2. pictures,
3. images, etc.
• To answer the queries of the customer.
Components of extranets ..
Some basic infrastructure components such as the internet Including :-
• TCP/IP protocols,
• E-mail,
• Web-browsers,
• External business partners &
• Tele-commuting employees place order, check status & send E-mail.
Benefits of Extranet
• Improved quality.
• reduction in paperwork.
• delivery of accurate information on time.
• improved customer service.
• better communication.
• overall improvement in business
effectiveness.
Disadvantages
• The suppliers & customer who don’t
have technical knowledge feel problem.
• Faceless contact.
• Information can be misused by other competitors.
• Fraud may be possible.
• Technical Employees are required.
Internet
Reference Models
Reference Model
• Reference Model offers a means of standardization which is acceptable
worldwide.

• Since people using the computer network are located over a wide physical
range and their network devices might have heterogeneous architecture.

• In order to provide communication among heterogeneous devices, we need a

standardized model i.e. a reference model, which would provide us way how
these devices can communicate regardless their architecture.
Reference Model
• We have two reference models such as OSI model and TCP/IP reference
model, however, the OSI model is a hypothetical one but the TCP/IP is
absolutely practical model.
OSI Model
• OSI is acronym of Open System Interface. This model is developed by
the International organization of Standardization (ISO) and therefore also
referred as ISO-OSI Model.

• The OSI model consists of seven layers as shown in the following diagram.
Each layer has a specific function, however each layer provide services to the
layer above.
Physical Layer
• The Physical layer is responsible for the following activities:

• Activating, maintaining and deactivating the physical connection.

• Defining voltages and data rates needed for transmission.

• Converting digital bits into electrical signal.

• Deciding whether the connection is simplex, half duplex or full duplex.

Data Link Layer
• The data link layer performs the following functions:

• Performs synchronization and error control for the information which is to be transmitted
over the physical link.

• Enables error detection, and adds error detection bits to the data which are to be
transmitted.
Network Layer
• Following are the functions of Network Layer:

• To route the signals through various channels to the other end.

• To act as the network controller by deciding which route data should take.

• To divide the outgoing messages into packets and to assemble incoming packets into
messages for higher levels.
Transport Layer
• The Transport layer performs the following functions:

• It decides if the data transmission should take place on parallel paths or single path.

• It performs multiplexing, splitting on the data.

• It breaks the data groups into smaller units so that they are handled more efficiently by the
network layer.

• The Transport Layer guarantees transmission of data from one end to other end.
Session Layer
• The Session layer performs the following functions:

• Manages the messages and synchronizes conversations between two different

applications.

• It controls logging on and off, user identification, billing and session management.
Presentation Layer
• The Presentation layer performs the following functions:

• This layer makes it sure that the information is delivered in such a form that the receiving
system will understand and use it.
Application Layer
• The Application layer performs the following functions:

• It provides different services such as manipulation of information in several ways,

retransferring the files of information, distributing the results etc.

• The functions such as LOGIN or password checking are also performed by the application
layer.
TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP model is practical model and is used in the Internet. TCP/IP is acronym
of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.

• The TCP/IP model combines the two layers (Physical and Data link layer) into
one layer i.e. Host-to-Network layer. The following diagram shows the various
layers of TCP/IP model:
OSI Vs. TCP/IP
Application Layer
• This layer is same as that of the OSI model and performs the following functions:

• It provides different services such as manipulation of information in several ways,

retransferring the files of information, distributing the results etc.

• The functions such as LOGIN or password checking are also performed by the application
layer.

• Protocols used: TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DN, HTTP, NNTP are the protocols employed
in this layer.
Transport Layer
• It does the same functions as that of transport layer in OSI model. Here are
the key points regarding transport layer:
• It uses TCP and UDP connection oriented protocol for end to end transmission.
• TCP is reliable and .
• TCP also handles flow control.
• The UDP is not reliable and a connection less protocol also does not perform flow
control.
• Protocols used: TCP/IP and UDP protocols are employed in this layer.
Internet Layer
• The function of this layer is to allow the host to insert packets into network
and then make them travel independently to the destination. However, the
order of receiving the packet can be different from the sequence they were
sent.

• Protocols used: Internet Protocol (IP) is employed in Internet layer.

Host-to-Network Layer
• This is the lowest layer in TCP/IP model. The host has to connect to network
using some protocol, so that it can send IP packets over it. This protocol varies
from host to host and network to network.

• Protocols used: ARPANET, SATNET, LAN, packet radio are the protocols which
are used in this layer.