Mendelian Law of Genetics

Terms in genetics
 Genes- instructions for producing a trait
 Diploid- a pair of genes
 Alleles- part of the gene that dictates what trait is passed on to the
offspring.
 Homologous condition – both alleles are the same (RR homozygous
dominant/ recessive)
 Heterozygous condition – alleles are different (Rr heterozygous genotype)
 Dominant allele (D)
 Recessive allele (d)
 Genotype – (Rr)(rr) (RR)
 Phenotype – Red, white color
The beginning
 Mendel stated to study genetics by using pure breed pea plants
with different characteristics such as flower color (violet and
white).
 Pure breeding will always produce the same offspring like itself
when self fertilized for over many generations.
 Mendel cross bred this pure bred peas (parents) (white and
violet)and produced seeds. He then later found out that all of the
seeds produced violet flowers (the white flower completely
disappeared)
 He called the trait that was visible in the F1 generation (violet
flowers) the DOMINANT TRAIT. And the trait that was hidden
or lost (white flowers) the RECESSIVE TRAITS.
Monohybrid Cross
Punnet square
 By using the punnet square, we can apply Mendel’s law
of segregation and we can predict the outcome of a
certain population/ generation

F1 Cross:
Parents
gene X X
F2:
x Xx Xx 100% of offspring are Xx
(dominant)
x Xx Xx
Using the punnet Square (F2: Cross)

Parents gene X x

X XX Xx

x Xx xx

F3:
75% of offspring are XX
or Xx (dominant) and 25%
xx (recessive)
 However, Mendel did not stop
his experimentation there.
Instead, he let the F1plants
self-fertilize. Among their
offspring, called the F2 ​
generation (929), he found
that 705 plants had violet
flowers and 224 had white
flowers. This was a ratio
of 3.15 violet flowers to one
white flower, or
approximately 3:1.
 TEST CROSS
 Given: X – dominant gene (Violet)
x – recessive gene (white)

X ? 1. What is the
Parents gene
phenotypic ratio?
2. What is the
? Xx xx genotypic ratio?

x Xx xx

Send your answer to:

cristineliggayo21@gmail.com
 Test Cross
 Given: X – dominant gene (Violet)
x – recessive gene (white)

1. What is the
Parents gene X x
phenotypic ratio?
2. What is the
genotypic ratio?
X ? ?

x ? ?
Send your answer to:
cristineliggayo21@gmail.com
Di-Hybrid Cross