Energy

The ability to bring about change or do work.

Energy
Transformation:
Change from one type of
energy to another.

Energy Transfer
When a certain form of
energy moves to another
object.
Kinetic Energy: Energy an object has due to its motion.

Potential Energy: Energy that is stored in an object.

Roller Coaster Showing potential and kinetic energy transformation

 A
A

B D

E
C

Which point(s) will have the maximum potential energy? A

Which point(s) will have the least potential energy? C and then E

Which point(s) will have the maximum kinetic energy? C and then E

Which point(s) will have both kinetic and potential energy? B and D
 Gravitational Potential
Energy
mass and _______.
Is a type of potential energy considering the and objects _______ height
• The more mass = More or Less GPE

• The more distance = More or Less GPE

You are
correct I
am
lower!
I have more GPE because
we have the same mass ,
but I am at a greater
height!
Which skier has
more GPE? Why?
 Temperature
Is the measure of the average kinetic energy (energy of motion) or average speed of all
the particles in a material.

• Higher temperature = particles move faster

and farther apart

• Lower temperature = particles move slower

and closer together

Which water is
Cooler water hotter? Hotter water
particles moving
particles moving
slower and close
faster and farther
together; take longer
apart; blue dye
for blue dye to spread
spread out quickly
 Heat
Is the transfer of energy from a place with higher temperature to a place of lower
temperature.

An object does not “have” heat

 Thermal
Thermal energy isEnergy
the energy a substance or system has related to
its temperature, i.e., the energy of moving or vibrating molecules. 
Atoms and molecules, the smallest particles of any substance, are
always in motion.  The motion of thermal energy is usually not
visible, but we can feel or see its effects.  We use thermal energy to
cook our food and heat our homes, and we use it to generate
electricity.

• Total kinetic energy of all the particles in a material

• More molecules = more thermal energy

• Almost always released (not lost or

destroyed) during an energy transformation-
felt has heat
 Can you have the same temperature water but
have different amounts of thermal energy?
YES
more atoms,
more thermal
energy
less atoms,
less thermal
energy
 Law of Conservation of Energy
• Energy can be transferred or transformed but can not be created or destroyed

• The total amount of energy before something happens must be equal to the
amount afterward

• Total energy does not change

True or False: A friend tells you that a generator “makes” electricity.

 Energy
Efficiency
• No energy transformation results in 100% useful energy

• Ratio of useful energy to that is released to the total energy used

Example: Gas in car

• 74% of energy released as heat
• 26% of energy is transformed into motion
• Engines efficiency= 26%
 Energy Types

Since energy is never created or destroyed – follow energy transfer

 Transfer of Energy

Using the table on the previous

page, decide the type of energy at
each of the situations.
 Transfer of
Conductio Energy
When two objects touch each other and transfer energy
n from the hotter one to the colder one - gases, solids,
liquids – due to the collision of atoms and molecules.

Conductor Materials that allow energy to transfer easily.

 Insulators
When conduction is slowed down, insulation occurs.

• Less collision of atoms and molecules

• Gases poor conductors (vacuum)

 Results
Final temperature 40 0C
Temperature Change
• 60 0C - 20 0C
• 20 OC + 20 OC

Final temperature 48 0C
Temperature Change
• 60 0C - 12 0C
• 20 OC + 28 OC

Final temperature 34
Temperature Change
• 60 0C - 26 0C
• 20 OC + 14 OC
 Calculating Energy
Lost
Energy unit of measurement
• Calorie
• joule,
• BTU
• (1 cal = 4.2 joules)

• One calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 C

• 1 mL of water weighs 1 gram
• Food Calories: Calorie (capital C) = 1000 calories

How to Calculate
Calories
Energy released (calories) = Temperature change of water (c) X Mass of water (g)
 Measuring Calories In Food

Mass of 1 cheese ball 1.2 g

Volume of water 100mL

Initial temperature of water 20 OC

Final temperature of water 36 OC

According to the results, how many calories in a cheese ball? And in a serving?
Calories = Change temp. X Mass water 2.1 Calories per cheese ball
21 OC x 100g 32 cheese balls per serving
= 2,100 calories 2.1 X 32
Convert to food Calories divide by 1,000 = 67.2 Calories/serving
= 2.1 Calories per cheese ball

The nutrition information on the cheese ball bag states 32 cheese balls contain 150 Calories.
Propose several reasons why the value you calculated is lower than the energy actually
stored in a cheese ball.
 Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Nonrenewable Resources
• Limited supply
• once it is used up there is no more of it!
Fossil Fuels Nuclear Energy
(coal, petroleum, natural gas)

Renewable Resources

• Continuing supply
• supplied faster than it is used up!
Tidal Harness Solar Energy

Biomass Energy Hydroelectric Energy Geothermal Energy Wind Energy

Energy Sources
Which Energy Sources are
considered renewable?
• Biomass
• Geothermal
• Hydroelectric
• Solar
• Tidal Harness
• Wind Energy

Which Energy Sources are

considered nonrenewable?
• Fossil Fuels (coal, petroleum, natural gas)
• Nuclear Energy
 Batter
y

• Chemical energy to electrical energy to - mechanical, light, etc

(potential) (kinetic)

• Electrolyte - material capable of conducting electricity that allows the

current to flow as it is released from the reaction.

• Electrons flow from negative to positive

How does a battery work video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CX84l5ZZHVg
 How a Battery
Works
KEY
_ Electrons
Flow of electricity

Copper _ _
• Positive terminal
_ _
• least active
• gain electrons
_ _
_ _ _
Magnesium

_ Electrolyte
• Negative terminal

_ __ __
• most active
_ __ _ • gives up electrons
 Negative terminal
According to the charts, which metal give up electrons
would you pair with Lithium to make a
strong battery? Explain your choice

Lithium should be paired with Gold

to produce the most energy
releasing battery. Lithium is most Positive terminal
active thus making it want to give gain electrons
up electrons. Gold is least active
thus making it want to gain
electrons. This movement of
electrons makes electricity.
Energy and Magnetic Fields
Earth is a gigantic magnet

Earth’s geographic north

pole is Earth’s magnetic
south pole.

Electromagnetism Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQdLFEiVeCA
 
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cy6kba3A8vY
 
 Electrical Circuits

Predict if the following materials conduct electricity!

Material Conducts
Electricity
Aluminum yes
Copper yes
Glass rod no
Carbon rod yes
Wood no
Zinc yes
Granite yes
Plastic no
Ceramic tile no
Magnesium yes
Iron yes
 Parallel and Series
Circuit
Does the diagram represent a parallel or series circuit?

What happens if you unscrew one of the light bulbs?

All the lights will go out since there will be a break in the circuit. The
flow of electricity will stop and not be able to complete the circuit.

Does the diagram represent a parallel or series circuit?

What happens if you unscrew one of the

light bulbs?
All the lights will stay on since there will
not be a break in the circuit. The flow of
electricity will continue and complete the
circuit.
 Lightbulb Efficiency

Are lightbulbs better at producing light or heat?

Which is the best lightbulb? Use evidence from the chart.