Principle of Conservation of Energy: It states that energy cannot be created or

destroyed; it can only be stored or destroyed.

Lubrication: Usually a liquid allows two surfaces to slide past each other more
easily and smoothly.

Efficiency: The fraction or percentage of energy supplied that is usefully

transferred.

Energy Stores: Energy stored within an object.

Energy Transfers: Energy that is being transferred from one place to another.

Kinetic Particle Model of Matter: A model in which matter consists of moving

particles.

Absolute Zero: The temperature at which particles have no kinetic energy. It is -

273°C.

Kelvin Temperature Scale: The temperature measured from absolute zero.

Brownian Motion: The motion of small particles suspended in a liquid or gas,

caused by molecular bombardment.

Thermal Expansion: The increase in volume of a substance when its temperature

rises.
Bimetallic Strip: A device that converts a temperature change into mechanical
displacement. It consists of two strips of different metals which expand at
different rates as they are heated. The different expansions force the flat strip to
bend one way if heated, and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial
temperature.

Specific Heat Capacity: The energy required per unit mass per unit temperature
increases.

Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas at constant

pressure.

Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid.

What is the equation used to calculate efficiency?

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

What is the equation used to calculate percentage efficiency?

𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency = x 100%
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡

In what way is energy usually wasted?

Most wasted energy is transferred away as heat. Another commonly wasted
energy transfer is sound.

What is the equation used for calculating the change in gravitational potential
energy?
 ▲Ep = mg▲h

What is the equation for kinetic energy?

1
Ek = mv2
2

Calculate the kinetic energy of a car of mass 600kg travelling at 25m/s:

600kg x 0.5 x (25m/s)2 = 187,500J

The car in the previous question slows down to a speed of 12m/s. By how much
has its kinetic energy decreased?
600kg x 0.5 x (12m/s)2 = 43,200J → 187,500J – 43,200J = 144,300J

In a game, a toy car, which is initially stationary, slides down a slope. The top of
the slope is 2m higher than the foot of the slope. Determine how fast the car will
be moving when it reaches the foot. (Assume that all its g.p.e. is transferred to
k.e.).
1
g.p.e. = k.e. → mg▲h = mv2 → The mass is on both sides so they will
2
1
each other out. → g▲h = v2 → 2g▲h = v2 → 2√2𝑔 ▲ ℎ = v →
2
2
√2𝑔 𝑥 2𝑚 = 6.3m/s

Name all the energy stores and transfers:

Energy Stores Energy Transfers
Gravitational Potential Energy Thermal Energy
Chemical Energy Mechanical Energy
Elastic Energy Electrical Energy
Nuclear Energy Radiation Energy
Internal Energy
Kinetic Energy
Electrostatic Energy
What are the distinguishing properties of the three states of matter?

State Solid Liquid Gas

Size Rigid, fixed shape and Not rigid, no fixed Not rigid, no fixed
volume; can’t be shaped, fixed volume; shape and volume;
squashed cannot be squashed can be squashed
Shape Takes the shape of its Takes the shape of its Expands to fills its
container container container

What is internal energy made up of?

Kinetic energy + potential energy (It is also the measure of the total energy
of all the particles in the object.)

What is the equation for the conversion of Kelvin temperature and degrees
temperature.
T or K = Θ(°C) + 273

What is the relationship between pressure and volume for gas at a constant
temperature?
pV = Constant or p1V1 = p2V2 (Boyle’s Law)

Fill in the blank: Pressure is _________ proportional to volume.

Inversely

Brownian motion can be observed by looking at smoke particles under a

microscope. What causes the movement of the smoke particles?
Air molecules hit the smoke particles.
Describe the movement of smoke particles:
They move freely.

Name the particles which are causing the movement of smoke particles:
Air particles.

Why does an aerosol spray feel cold, even on a hot day?

When the liquid is forced out of the can so quickly, to become a gas, it
expands rapidly and occupies more space. As the gas expands, it absorbs
heat from its surroundings, making the surroundings feel colder.

What expands most, a solid, a liquid or a gas, for a given rise in temperature?
Solids expand the least when they are heated. Gases expand the most when
they are heated.

Unit of specific heat capacity:

J/(kg°C)

What is the specific heat capacity equation?

𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝛥𝐸
Specific heat capacity = or c =
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝛥𝛩

Two materials, one with high specific heat capacity and the other with low, which
one can cool and heat faster? Explain your answer:
The one with low heat capacity since less energy is required to heat it up.
What are the 3 ways of speeding up evaporation?
Increasing the temperature – This helps the particles to have more kinetic
energy.
Increasing the surface area – The particles will be closer to the surface.
Blowing air across the surface – A draught is moving air. When particles
escape, they won’t fall back into the water.

Questions and Topics from the book you need to study:

Pg 118, q1, c
The expansion of solids, liquids, and gases
10.2 → The extended part
Experimental Skills 10.1, page 177, the method
Figure 10.17, page 179 and its explanation