Tangents and Normals

• The equation of a tangent and

normal takes the form of a straight
line i.e.
y  mx  c

• To find the equation you need to

find a value for x, y and m and

then substitute to find the value
of c.
 Find the equation of the
tangent to the curve
y = x2 – 3x + 18 at the point
x = 1 Equation has form
(1, 16).
y = y  mx  c
16 dy
m  2x  3  2 1 3  1
dx
Substitutiy  mx c  16 11 c  c  17
ng
 The equation of the tangent is
 y 1x  17
 To find the equation of the
normal, use the perpendicular
gradient i.e.

1
mnormal 
mtangent


 Topic 9 Reference Page Exercise
Delta 163 13.1
Sidebotham 249 13.4
 find equations of tangents
NuLake 43 1.12
Theta (red) 82, 83 8.1, 8.2
Senior Mathematics 165 4A, 4B
Worksheet 2
 Rules of
Differentiation
Differentiating Trig
Functions
 A list of the
trigonometry
differentials is given
in your formula

sheet.
f (x)  sin x  f (x)  cos x
 
f (x)  cos x  f (x) sin x

f (x)  tan x  f (x)  sec x2

f (x)  sec x  f (x)  sec x tan x

 
f (x)  cosecx  f (x) cosecx cot x
 
f (x)  cot x  f (x) cosec x
2
 Topic 8 Reference Page Exercise
8.9, 8.10, 8.11,
Delta 110
 differentiate trigonometric functions 8.12
(including reciprocal functions) Sidebotham 113 6.1
NuLake 33 1.9
 Exponential
f (x)  e  f (x)  e
x x


 Topic 6 Reference Page Exercise
101, 8.1, 8.2,
Delta
 differentiate exponential functions (base e 102 8.3
only) Sidebotham 117 6.2
NuLake 25 1.7
 Chain Rule applies when we have
a function of a function e.g.
Take two functions:
yu 5
and u  3x  4

Now combine them into one function by

eliminating u
Function 1

y  (3x  4) 5
Function 2
Chain Rule applies when we have
a function of a function e.g.
Take two functions:
Note
:
y  u and u  3x  4
5

dy du
 5u and
4
3
du dx
Function 1

y  (3x  4) 5
Function 2
 dy dy du
 
dx du dx

Think of it like this:

Differentiate the first

function as a whole and then
differentiate what is inside
of it.
 dy dy du
   5u  3  5(3x  4)  3
4 4

dx du dx

Think of it like this:

Differentiate the first
function as a whole...
Differentiate function 1

dy
 5(3x  4)  3
4

dx
 dy dy du
   5u  3  5(3x  4)  3
4 4

dx du dx
Think of it like this:
Differentiate the first
function as a whole and then
differentiate what is inside
of it. dy
 5(3x  4)  3
4

dx
Then function 2
 Example:
Function 1 Function 2

y  sin(2x  4)
dy
 cos(2x  4)  2
dx
Differential of sin Differential of 2x + 4
 Topic 4 Reference Page Exercise
Delta 78 6.7
 differentiate using the chain rule
Sidebotham 63, 64 3.4, 3.5
NuLake 22 1.6
 Differentiating logs
Note: You can only
differentiate natural
log so any other base
needs to be converted
first.
y  log x  ln x
e

dy 1

dx x
 Topic 7 Reference Page Exercise
106,
Delta 8.6, 8.7
 differentiate logarithmic functions (base e 107
only) Sidebotham 121 6.3
NuLake 28 1.8
 Examples
dy
 3e 3x
ye 3x
dx
dy
y  sin5x  5cos5x
dx
y  ln(3x 2  2x  4) dy
 2
1
 6x  2
dx 3x  2x  4

 
 Hard Example
1

y  ln(sec(3x  4 x)) 3 4

3 4
2
dy 1
dx
 4(ln(sec(3x 3  4 x)) 3 
sec(3x  4 x)
3
 sec(3x 3
 4 x)tan(3x 3
 4 x)  9x 2
 4

1 4
2 3
 Product Rule

( f .g) f .g g. f 

dy dv du
If y  uv then u v
dx dx dx


 Product Rule
f (x)  e sin2x
5x

f g
 Product Rule
f (x)  e sin2x
5x

( f .g) f .g g. f 
f (x)  e (2cos2x)  5e sin2x
5x 5x
 Product Rule
f (x)  e sin2x
5x

( f .g) f .g g. f 
f (x)  e (2cos2x)  5e sin2x
5x 5x
 Topic 5a Reference Page Exercise

2 3
Delta 79 6.8
 differentiate products, such as (3x Ğ7) (4x + 8)
or x2sinx Sidebotham 126 6.4
NuLake 14 1.4
 Quotient Rule

 f  g. f  f .g

   2
g  g

du dv
u dy v  u
If y  then  dx dx
 v dx v 2
 Quotient Rule

f
ln 3x
f (x) 
cos 4 x
g

 Quotient Rule
ln 3x  f  g. f  f .g
f (x)    
cos 4 x g  g 2

1
cos4 x   ln 3x 4 sin 4 x 
f (x)   x
cos 4 x 
2
 Quotient Rule

f (x) 
ln 3x  f  g. f  f .g
cos 4 x    2
g  g
1
cos4 x   ln 3x 4 sin 4 x 
f (x)  x
cos 4 x 
2


 Quotient Rule

f (x) 
ln 3x  f  g. f  f .g
cos 4 x    2
g  g
1
cos4 x   ln 3x 4 sin 4 x 
f (x)  x
cos 4 x 
2


 Quotient Rule

f (x) 
ln 3x  f  g. f  f .g
cos 4 x    2
g  g
1
cos4 x   ln 3x 4 sin 4 x 
f (x)  x
cos 4 x 
2


 Quotient Rule

f (x) 
ln 3x  f  g. f  f .g
cos 4 x    2
g  g
1
cos4 x   ln 3x 4 sin 4 x 
f (x)  x
cos 4 x 
2


 Topic 5b Reference Page Exercise
Delta 80 6.9
x
 differentiate quotients, such as Sidebotham 126 6.4
1 x2
NuLake 18 1.5
When a curve is written in the form
y  f (x)
it is said to be defined explicitly.

When a curve is written in the form

f (x, y) 
it is said to be defined implicitly.0


Example: x 2  3y  y2  0


 Implicit
differentiation
x  3y  y  0
2 2

Differentiating with
respect to 2x
d x  d 3y  d y 2 
  0
 dx dx dx

d d dy dy dy
Note :  . 2x  3  2y 0
dx dy dx dx dx

 Implicit
differentiation
x  3y  y  0
2 2

Differentiating with
respect to 2x
d x  d 3y  d y 2 
  0
 dx dx dx

d d dy dy dy
Note :  . 2x  3  2y 0
dx dy dx dx dx

 Implicit
differentiation
x  3y  y  0
2 2

Differentiating with
respect to 2x
d x  d 3y  d y 2 
  0
 dx dx dx

d d dy dy dy
Note :  . 2x  3  2y 0
dx dy dx dx dx

 Implicit
differentiation
x  y  4 x  5y  8  0
2 2

dy dy
2x  2y  45 0
dx dx

dy
2y  5  2x  4
dx

 Implicit
differentiation
x  y  4 x  5y  8  0
2 2

dy dy
2x  2y  45 0
dx dx

dy
2y  5  2x  4
dx
 dy 2x  4

dx 2y  5
Parametric Equations

dy dy dt
 
dx dt dx


 Parametric Equations

dy dy dt dy dx
   
dx dt dx dt dt


 Parametric Equations

dy
dy dy dt dy dx dt y 
     
dx dt dx dt dt dx x 
dt


 Parametric Equations

x  3t  4, y  3t  2
2

dy
3
dt
dy 3 1
  
dx 6t 2t

dx
 6t
dt

 Example 2

x  3cos2t, y  4 cos2t

dy 8sin2t 4 tan2t
 
dx 6cos2t 3



 Second derivative

dy 
2 d 
d y dx  dt
2
 
dx dt dx


 Second derivative

dy  dy 
2 d  d 
d y dx  dt dx  dx
2
   
dx dt dx dt dt


 Second derivative

dy 
dy  dy  d 
d  d  dx 
d2y dx  dt dx  dx dt
    
dx 2
dt dx dt dt dx
dt
 Example 2
x  3cos2t, y  4 cos2t

dy 8sin2t 4 tan2t
dy   
d  dx 6cos2t 3
 dx 
dt
8 2
 2
d y sec 2t 4
dx  3 
2
dx 6cos2t 9cos 3 2t
 dt
 Topic 10 Reference Page Exercise
 perform implicit differentiation Delta 164, 225, 228 13.2, 17.1, 17.2
 parametric differentiation Sidebotham 129, 235 6.5, 13.1
NuLake 61, 66 1.16, 1.17