6.

Bending

Strength of Materials-11
Unit: Curved Beam

1
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6. Bending
CURVED BEAMS
• Flexure formula only applies to members that are
straight as normal strain varies linearly from the
neutral axis
• Thus another equation needs to be formulated
for curved beam, i.e., a member that has a
curved axis and is subjected to bending.

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6. Bending
CURVED BEAMS
• Two case :
i. Stress in curved beams or bars of small
initial curvature.
ii. Stress in curved beams or bars of large
initial curvature.

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6. Bending
CURVED BEAMS
i. Stress in curved beams or bars of small
initial curvature.
When the radius of curvature is large
as compared to the dimensions (depth)
of the cross-section, the analysis is
similar to the pure bending (y is
neglected in comparison to R).
Design of Piston Ring

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6. Bending
CURVED BEAMS
i. Stress in curved beams or bars of small
initial curvature.
Consider a small portion abcd of curved beam subjected to
bending moment M at its ends as shown in fig.
Let
R = initial radius of curvature
d = angle subtended at the centre of curvature by the
element abcd of beam.
R’= the radius of curvature after application of B.M
d’ = angle subtended by the element after
deformation.
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Subtended angle

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Curved beam with small curvature

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CURVED BEAMS
Consider a layer of curved beam abcd as ‘PQ’ placed
at a distance ‘y’ above the neutral axis.
Original length of layer PQ = L = (R+y) d
Length of layer PQ after B.M = (R’+y) d’
Change in length PQ = L = (R’+y) d’ - (R+y) d
x = L / L = [(R’+y) d’ - (R+y) d ] / (R+y) d ..eq(1)

y is neglected in comparison to R for the beam with

small initial curvature
x = [ R’d’ + yd’ - R d - y d ] / R d

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CURVED BEAMS
• According to simple bending theory, the neutral axis neither
be in tension nor in compression after and before B.M
ds = R d = R’ d’ ………..eq (A)
x = [ Rd + yd’ - R d - y d ] / R d
x = [ yd’ - y d ] / R d = y [ d’ / R d - d / R d ]
From equ (A) d’ / R d = 1 / R’
x = y [ 1 / R’ - 1/ R ]
σx = E x = E y [ 1 / R’ - 1/ R ] …..eq(2)
By using static equilibrium conditions (∑F = 0; ∑Mz = M)

For straight beam σx = My / I for curved beam σx = E y [ 1 / R’ - 1/ R ]

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• When the radius of curvature and the

dimensions of the cross section of the member
are of the same order of magnitude.
• It is no longer possible to neglect y in
comparison to R.
• It will be found that the neutral axis does not
pass through the centroid.

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• Exp: Application to the design of a crane hooks, C-clamps,

punch press frame, chain drives are curved and loaded as a
beam.
• In this section, we consider the stresses are caused by the bending
of beams or bars that are initially curved. The method of analysis
which was first introduce by the German Engineer E. Winkler.
• All the conditions of the straight beam theory apply to
Winkler’s theory, except that the beam is initially curved.
• In this section we will consider the stresses caused by the
application of equal and opposite couples to members and it will
be assumed that all stresses remain below the proportional limit.

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Fig: Crane Hook

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Fig: chain drives

Fig: compression clamps

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

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6. Bending

Let
R = initial radius of curvature

ѳ = angle subtended at the centre of curvature by the element of beam.

R’= the radius of curvature after application of B.M
ѳ’ = angle subtended by the element after deformation.
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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

(1)

(2)
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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• . From fig: (a) and fig: (c)

(3)

(4)

(5)

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

(6)

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

Eq. (7)

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• . Eq. (8)

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

Eq. (9)

(From Fig: 4.3)

Eq. (10)

Eq. (11)
Eq. (12)
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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• .

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

• Exp: 4.10: (beer P-290)

A curved rectangular bar has a mean radius =
150 mm and a cross-section of width b = 60 mm
and depth h = 36 mm.
Determine
(a)the distance e between the centroid and the
neutral axis of the cross-section.
(b) the largest tensile and compressive stresses,
knowing that the bending moment M = 900 N-m

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6. Bending
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature

149.3 mm 150 mm

0.7 mm

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6. Bending

Exp: 7.21: Ansel C Ugural P-345

A rectangular bar of mean radius is 5 inch
subjected to end moments M as shown in
fig: . The data are as follows:
M = 10 Kip-in ; b = 1.25 in ; h = 2 in
Find the stresses in the member by using:
(a) flexure formula (12 ksi)
(b) Curved beam formula(-13.84 ksi, 10.56 ksi)

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6. Bending
Superposition formula for curved beam
• Usually curved beams are loaded so that there is an
axial force as well as moment on the cross-section
as described in the given examples.
• The normal stress given in equ.(11) may then
algebraically added to the stress due to an axial
force P acting through the centroid of cross-
sectional area A.
• σ = P/A – M(R- r) / Aer

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6. Bending
Analysis of stresses in crane hook

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6. Bending
Analysis of stresses in crane hook

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6. Bending
Analysis of stresses in crane hook

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6. Bending
Exp: 7.22 Ansel C ugural P-346

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6. Bending H.W
Stress in curved beams or bars of large initial curvature.

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6. Bending
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS(H.W)
• Common discontinuities
include members having
notches on their surfaces,
holes for passage of
fasteners or abrupt changes in
outer dimensions of member’s
x-section
• The maximum normal stress
at the discontinuities occur at
the smallest x-sectional
area.

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6. Bending
STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
• For design, we only need to know the maximum
normal stress developed at these sections, not the
actual stress distribution
• Thus, the maximum normal stress due to bending
can be obtained using the stress-concentration
factor K
Mc
=K
IEquation 6-26

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6. Bending
6.9 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IMPORTANT
• Stress concentrations in members subjected to
bending occur at pts of x-sectional change, such
as notches and holes, because here the stress
and strain become nonlinear.
• The more severe the change, the larger the stress
distribution
• For design/analysis, it is not necessary to know
the exact stress distribution around x-sectional
change.
• The maximum normal stress occurs at the
smallest x-sectional area.

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6. Bending
6.9 STRESS CONCENTRATIONS
IMPORTANT
• The maximum normal stress can be obtained
using stress concentration factor K, which is
determined through experiment and is a function
of the geometry of the member
• If material is brittle or subjected to fatigue loading,
stress concentrations in the member need to be
considered in design

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6. Bending
*6.10 INELASTIC BENDING
Plastic moment
• Beams used in steel buildings are sometimes
designed to resist a plastic moment. The codes
usually list a design property called the shape
factor:
k = MP/MY Equation 6-33

• The k-value specifies the additional moment

capacity a beam can support beyond its
maximum elastic moment.

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6. Bending
Research paper
• OPTIMIZATION AND FATIGUE
ANALYSIS OF A CRANE HOOK USING
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

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