STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

PRESENTATION
GROUP MEMBERS
OUTLINES
 STRAIN ENERGY

 When loads are applied to a body and causes

deformation, the external work done by the loads
will be converted into internal work called strain
energy. This is provided no energy is converted
into other forms.
 Strain energy is caused by the internal work of
the normal and shear stresses. It is always a
positive quantity.
 Conservation of Energy

• A loading is applied slowly to a body, so that kinetic

energy can be neglected.

• Physically, the external loads tend to deform the body

as they do external work Ue U e  U i as they are
displaced.

• This external work is transformed into internal work

or strain energy Ui, which is stored in the body.

• Thus, assuming material’s elastic limit not exceeded,

conservation of energy for body is stated as,
 Conservation of Energy

Single Load:

• Consider a truss subjected

to load P.

• When load P is applied gradually,

then Ue = 1/2Px, where  is vertical
displacement of the truss.
• Assume that P develops an axial internal force F in a particular member,
and strain energy stored , Ui = F2L/2AE.

• Summing strain energies for all members of the truss, we write axial strain
energy as,
1 F 2L
P.x  
2 2 AE
 Conservation of Energy
Bending Load:

• Consider a beam subjected to

load P. The External work done,
Ue = 1/2M.

• Strain energy due to shear in

beam can be neglected.
• Beam’s strain energy determined only by the moment M, thus

2
1 L M
P.   dx
2 0 2 EI
 Conservation of Energy
Torsional Load:

• Consider a beam loaded by

a torsional couple T.
• A rotational displacement f is
caused. External work done is
Ue = 1/2T.
• Thus equilibrium equation becomes
2
1 L T
T   dx
2 0 2GJ

• Note that equilibrium equation is only applicable for a single

external force or external couple moment acting on structure or
member.
 Work and Energy Under a Single Load

• Strain energy may also be found from

the work of the single load P1,
x1
U   P dx
0

• For an elastic deformation,

x1 x1
• Previously, we found the strain U   P dx   kx dx  12 k x12  12 P1x1
energy by integrating the energy 0 0
density over the volume.
For a uniform rod, • Knowing the relationship between
2 force and displacement,
U   u dV   dV PL
2E x1  1
L
AE

 P1 A 2 Adx  P12 L 2
U 1 P  P1L   P1 L
2 1 AE  2 AE
2E 2 AE
0
 Work and Energy Under a Single Load

• Strain energy also may be found from the work of other types of single
concentrated loads.

• Transverse load • Bending couple • Torsional couple

y1 1 1

U   P dy  12 P1 y1 U   M d  12 M11 U   T d  12 T11
0 0 0
2
 P L3
 P 2 3
1 L M12 L  T1 L  T1 L
 2 P1 
1 1
   M L
 12 M1 1    T
1
2 1 
 3EI  6 EI  EI  2 EI  JG  2 JG
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
• This method was discovered in 1879 by Carlo
Alberto Castigliano to determine the displacement
and slope at a point in a body.
• It is a method for determining the displacements of a
linear elastic system based on partial derivatives of
energy.
• The basic concept may be easy to understand by
recalling that a change in energy is equal to the
causing force times the resulting displacement.
• Therefore, the causing force is equal to the change
in energy divided by the resulting displacement
E=F* x 11
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM

•  Alternatively, the resulting displacement is

equal to the change in energy divided by the
causing force. Partial derivatives are needed to
relate causing forces and resulting displacements
to the change in energy

• Castigliano's first theorem – for forces in an elastic

structure

• Castigliano's second theorem – for displacements

in a linearly elastic structure. 12
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
• Since the scope of our subject is bounded up to
Hookenian (linearly elastic) structure therefore the
second theorem of Castigliano is defined as under:

• “Displacement is equal to the first partial derivative

of strain energy in body with respect to a force
acting at the point and in direction of the
displacement”.

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
• Consider a body of arbitrary shape subjected to a
series of n forces P1, P2, … Pn.
• Since external work done by forces is equal to
internal strain energy stored in body, by
conservation of energy, Ue = Ui.
• However, external work is a
function of external loads
Ue = ∑ ∫ P dx.

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
• So, internal work is also a function of the external loads. Thus
• Now, if any one of the external forces say Pj is increased by a
differential amount dPj. Internal work increases, so strain
energy becomes
U i  U e  f  P1 , P2 , ..., Pn  (1)

• Further application of the loads cause dPj to move through

displacement Δj, so strain energy becomes
U i
U i  dU i  U i  dPj (2)
Pj

U i  dU j  U i  dPj  i (3)
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM

• dUj = dPjΔi is the additional strain energy caused by

dPj.
• In summary, Eqn 2 represents the strain energy in
the body determined by first applying the loads P1,
P2, …, Pn, then dPj.
• Eqn 3 represents the strain energy determined by
first applying dPj, then the loads P1, P2, …, Pn.
• Since theses two eqns are equal, we require

U i
i  ( 4)
Pj
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM
• Note that Eqn 4 is a statement regarding the body’s
compatibility requirements, since it’s related to
displacement.
• The derivation requires that only conservative forces
be considered for analysis.
 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS

• Internal strain energy for a beam is caused by both

bending and shear. If beam is long and slender,
strain energy due to shear can be neglected.

• Thus, internal strain energy for a beam is given by

Eqn 4; Ui = ∫M2 dx/2EI. We then substitute into
• Δi = Ui/Pi, Eqn 4 and omitting subscript i, we
have

 L M 2 dx
P 0 2 EI

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS

• It is easier to differentiate prior to integration, thus

provided E and I are constant, we have
L  M  dx
 M   (5)
0
P  EI

Δ = displacement of the pt caused by the real loads

acting on the beam.
P = external force of variable magnitude applied to
the beam in the direction of Δ.

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS

M = internal moment in the beam, expressed as a

function of x and caused by both the force P and the
loads on the beam.
E = modulus of elasticity of the material.
I = moment of inertia of x-sectional area computed
about the neutral axis.

L  M  dx
 M   (5)
0
P  EI

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS

• If slope of tangent  at a pt on elastic curve is to be

determined, the partial derivative of internal moment M
w.r.t. an external couple moment M’ acting at the pt must
be found.
• For this case L   M  dx
   M   (6)
0
  M '  EI

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 CASTIGLIANO’S THEOREM APPLIED TO BEAMS

• If the loading on a member causes significant strain energy

within the member due to axial load, shear, bending moment,
and torsional moment, then the effects of all these loadings
should be included when applying Castigliano’s theorem.

 N  L L   V  dx
   N     f sV  
  P  AE 0   P  GA
L   M  dx L   T  dx
  M     T   (7 )
0
  P  EI 0   P  GJ

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