MATHEMATICAL

REASONING
By Group 9

Lecturer:
Prof. Dr. Ahmad Fauzan, M.Pd., M.Sc.
Dr. Dr. Yulyanti Harisman, S.Si., M.Pd
 MEMBER OF GROUP 9

 Ilhamsyah Putra (19029089)

 Mutiara Hayyu (19029099)
 Tasya Putri Sari (19029115)
A. Understanding
Mathematical Reasoning
 Understanding Mathematical
Reasoning
Mathematical reasoning is a brain activity that should be
developed continuously through a context. Mathematical
reasoning is very necessary in understanding mathematics
through the use of patterns and properties, performing
mathematical manipulations in making generalizations,
compiling evidence or explaining ideas, and mathematical
statements so that learning mathematics becomes more
meaningful.
According to the Balai Pustaka team (Dahlan, 2004:14), the word
"reasoning" has three meanings, namely:
1. The way uses reason, thinking or logical thinking.
2. It develops or controls something by reason and not feeling or
experience.
3. The mental process of developing or controlling the mind
from some fact or principle.
According to Sumarmo (1987:148) mathematical reasoning is
defined as a process of making conclusions from a mathematical
concept. Students' reasoning abilities take place when students
think about a problem or solve a problem. This statement is in
accordance with the opinion of Ball, Lewis & Thamel (in
Wdjaya, 2010) that mathematical reasoning is the foundation for
gaining student knowledge.
B. Features of Mathematical
Reasoning
 Features of Mathematical
Reasoning
The characteristics of reasoning according to Adisurya (2013)
are as follows:
1. The process of logical thinking is defined as thinking
activities according to certain patterns or in other words
according to certain logic.
2. Analytical. This analytical nature is a consequence of the
existence of a certain pattern of thinking. Analysis is
essentially an activity of thinking based on certain steps.
According to Sumarmo (2005), some abilities that are included in
mathematical reasoning include:
1. Draw logical conclusions.
2. Give an explanation using pictures, facts, traits, relationships, or
existing patterns.
3. Estimating the answer and the solution process.
4. Use relationship patterns to analyze situations, or make
analogies, generalizations, and construct conjectures.
5. Propose an example opponent.
6. Following logical arguments, checking the validity of arguments,
proving, and constructing valid arguments
7. Develop direct proof, indirect proof and proof by induction.
Sastrosudirjo (Alamsyah, 2000) divides reasoning abilities
including:
1. General reasoning related to the ability to find solutions or
problem solving,
2. Deductive abilities, namely abilities related to drawing
conclusions, such as in the syllogism, and relating to the
ability to judge implications of an argument, and
3. The ability to see relationships, not only relationships
between things but also relationships between ideas, and
then use those relationships to derive other things or ideas.
C. Advantages of Mathematical
Reasoning
 Advantages of Mathematical
Reasoning
The advantages of mathematical reasoning according to Brodie
(2010) :
1. Students have regular and regular opportunities to use
reasoning skills, and make assumptions
2. Encourage students to make predictions
3. Helping students to understand the value of negative
feedback in deciding an answer
4. With the ability to reason train and help children to learn
mathematics.
NCTM (1989) states that for students in grades 5-8, the
mathematics curriculum should include many diverse
experiences that can strengthen and expand logical reasoning
skills so that students can:
1. Recognize and apply deductive and inductive reasoning.
2. Understand and apply the reasoning process with particular
attention to special reasoning and reasoning with proportions
and graphs.
3. Create and evaluate conjectures and logical arguments.
D. Types of Mathematical
Reasoning
 Types of Mathematical Reasoning

1. Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning according to Shurter and Pierce (in Shofiah,
2007) inductive reasoning is a way of drawing general
conclusions from special cases.

Then according to Suriasumantri (in Shofiah, 2007) inductive

reasoning is a thought process in the form of drawing general
conclusions or basic knowledge about specific things. That is,
from the facts that exist, a conclusion can be drawn.
According to Jacob (in Shofiah, 2007), that inductive reasoning
is divided into two kinds, namely analogy and generalization.
1) Analogy is the process of inferring based on the similarity of
data or facts. Analogy can also be said as a process of
comparing two different things based on their similarities,
then based on the similarities a conclusion is drawn.
Example:
Persija Jakarta Club was able to enter the final round because
they practiced every day.
Then the Persib Bandung club will enter the final round if they
practice every day.
2) Generalizations are statements that are generally accepted for all
or most of the phenomena of interest. Generalizations include
essential features, not details. In the development of essays,
generalizations are proven by facts, examples, statistical data, and
others.
Example:
a. Mango fruit is green and tastes sweet.
b. Guava fruit is green and tastes sweet.
Generalization: All green fruit tastes sweet.
The statement "All green fruit tastes sweet" only has a probability truth
because it has never been investigated.
Example of a mistake: Kedondong fruit is also green, but tastes sour.
2. Deductive Reasoning
The process of drawing conclusions on deductive reasoning is the
opposite of inductive reasoning. If in inductive reasoning there is a
process of drawing conclusions from specific things to general things,
then in deductive reasoning there is a process of drawing conclusions
from general things to specific things.

In proving with deductive reasoning, conclusions are based on

generalization statements that are generally accepted and specific
statements and do not accept generalizations from observations as
obtained from inductive reasoning.
Deductive reasoning can be done with several syllogistic approaches, namely:
1) Syllogism
Syllogism is a type of logical argument in which a conclusion is deduced from two
premises. There are two types of syllogisms, namely positive syllogisms and negative
syllogisms.
Example of a positive syllogism:
Major premise: All people in Indonesia must stay at home because of the Corona
virus outbreak.
Minor premise: Maya's family lives in Surabaya.
Conclusion: So, Maya’s family should stay at home.
Example of a negative syllogism:
Major premise: People with gastric disease should not eat spicy food
Minor premise: Ali suffers from gastric disease
Conclusion: So, Ali should not eat spicy food.
2) Conditional syllogism
Reasoning to make conclusions using the preposition if - then. In this
reasoning, if the conditions are met then the consequences or
conclusions are considered true.
Examples of a conditional syllogism:
Major premise: If you are a mother, you have children.
Minor premise: You are a mother.
Conclusion: Then, you have children.

Major premise: If it rains, I will bring an umbrella

Minor premise: It's raining today
Conclusion: Then, today I brought an umbrella.
3) Categorical Syllogism
Categorical syllogism also contains two premises and a conclusion. Two premises
state the category members of a particular concept. To declare members of a
category use the term:
All, some, no, none

Example of a categorical syllogism:

Major premise: All stones are hard.
Minor premise: Diamond is a type of stone.
Conclusion: Therefore diamonds are hard

Major premise: Corruption is hated by the whole society.

Minor premise: Most civil servants in Indonesia commit corruption.
Conclusion: Most civil servants in Indonesia are hated by the whole community.
4) Alternative Syllogism
An alternative syllogism is a syllogism in which the major premise is an
alternative premise, the minor premise confirms one of the alternatives. The
conclusion on this syllogism will reject one of the alternatives.
Example of an alternative syllogism:
Major premise: Last month Alex got the choice of playing a movie or
shooting a soap opera on TV.
Minor premise: Alex prefers to do movies.
Conclusion: So Alex didn't shoot soap operas on TV.

Major premise: If get 1st rank, Dad will buy Andi a bicycle PS
Minor premise: Andi was bought by PS by his father when he get 1st rank
Conclusion: So Andi was not bought a bicycle by his father when he get 1st
rank.
 Indicators of Mathematical
Reasoning
The indicators of mathematical reasoning ability according to the
NCTM (in Fachruraz: 2011) include:
1. Estimating the answer and the solution process.
2. Analyze statements and provide explanations/reasons that can
support or contradict.
3. Consider the validity of arguments using deductive or inductive
thinking.
4. Using supporting data to explain why the method used and the
answer is correct; and provide explanations using models, facts,
traits, and relationships.
THANK YOU