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Lecture: 10-12
Nodal Analysis
- Independent/Dependent Current Sources
-Independent Voltage Sources
Nodal Analysis
• The variables selected in the circuit are node
voltages
• Node voltages are defined w.r.t to a common
point in the circuit
• All voltages are defined w.r.t a reference node
• Quite often largest number of branches are
connected to this node and is called ground
– it is said to be at ground-zero potential
• In most of the cases, the selected variables
(voltages) will be positive w.r.t to the reference
node
Selected varaiables (nodes)
– e.g; V3 = Va – Vb = 3
2
Or we can also use KVL →
• In an N-node circuit
– One node is selected as reference node
– Voltages at non-reference nodes are measured
w.r.t this reference node.
– N-1 linearly independent KCL equations are
required to determine the N-1 unknown node
voltages.
– It is always important to specify a reference
• Voltage of 12 V at node-A means nothing unless we specify 12 V w.r.t
some reference node
Identical
Equations
Example 3.2, pg: 109
• Find the node voltages in the following network
if
– R1 = R2 = 2 kΩ, R3 = R4 = 4 kΩ, R5 = 1 kΩ, iA = 4 mA
and iB = 2 mA
Circuits Containing Dependent Current
Sources
• The presence of a dependent source may
destroy the symmetry of the nodal equations
• What are the nodal voltages in the network
shown below if
Example 3.4, pg: 112
• Find the node voltages if
– R1 = 1 kΩ, R2 = R3 = 2 kΩ, R4 = 4 kΩ, iA = 2 mA,
iB = 4 mA and α = 2
Circuits Containing Independent
Voltage Sources
• In case of independent voltage
sources, the equations will be
symmetric
• In some cases, through careful
observation, one or more nodal
voltages might already be given
– This will reduce the number of nodal
equations required for finding the
unknown voltages
– In the figure shown to the right, node
voltages V1 and V3 are already known
as both have a direct connection to
the reference ground node
• Thus only one equation is required to
solve for the unknown node voltage V2
Example 3.5, pg: 113
• Find V1, V2 and V3 in the following network
using nodal analyses