Sedimenttransport

“Transport of sediment is one of the most

important and difficult classes of
processes encountered by the
hydraulic engineer”
A. Papanicolaou et al.,
Jnl Hydraulic Engineering, ASCE, January, 2008
 Bed transport
1. du Boys formula(1879)
Equilibrium of the lowest layer
(per unit width):
tg  n e g (s - ) =  = g  h S

Equilibrium of the upper layer:

tg  1 e g (s - ) = crit = g  h0 S0
 hS
n 
 crit h0 S 0
gs = s e 1 v + 2 v + … + (n – 1) v
gs =   ( - crit)
gs = ’ h S (h S – h0 S0)
gs = ’’ U 3/2 (U 3/2 – Ucrit 3/2) n  n  1 ev    
gs  s e v  s   1
gs =  ‘’’ q 0.66 ( q 0.66 – qcrit 0.66) 2 2  crit   crit 

gs = 1  ( -  crit) = 2 q n ( q n – qcrit n) = 3 U m (U m – Ucrit m)

 Bed transport
1. du Boys formula (1879)
• Straub (1954): gs = (a/ d ¾)  ( -  crit) 
• O’Brien (1934): gs =   ( -  crit) m met 1.4 < m < 1.8
• Colby (1964): qs = A (U – U crit) B
• Schoklitsch (1934):
3
221 S 2
1944 10 5 d
gs  1
 q  q0  met q 0  4
d 2
S 3

• Schocklitsch (1950)
3
d 40 2
 q  q0 
3
g s  2500 S 2
met q 0  0.6 7
S 6
 Bed transport
2. Meyer-Peter formula (1934) (coarse grains)

2 2
g 3
s gs 3
 17  0.4 (kg , m, s )
d d

3
d 2
q crit  0.070 3
 Favre 
S 2

 2.5 S  g  g crit3 

2 2 2
gs 3 3
 
 Bed transport
3. Meyer-Peter Müller formula (1948)
3
Roughness predictor 4  2
    0.188 
S '  n' 
3
2
 
 d in m 
1
    met n'  0.034 d 906
S n
qs
 1

Transport predictor
3    2 1
d g 2 s
 1 g n 2
  2   d P
2   
g n   S '  0.047 g n   s    d g  0.25  3 g n 3 g s 3 1   
3 i i
1 2
 d  i

d 1 g
 P
   s s   
i
i

 S 
3
crit = (1/ ) 0.047 gn (s - ) dg  2
 
 S
 8   0.047 
qs  3

Φ 1/Ψ

 8  0 .047 2

 2  crit1  2  2   s   56 

   8 1 3 3
g s 1  3  1
 ds 2   s2 
g n1 g n 2     1 d g 
g 
    
 Bed transport
4. “Bed Load Equation” H.A. Einstein (1950)

• Steady, uniform flow;

• periods of motion are much shorter than periods of rest;
• Probability that a grain is moving is independent of
location;
• The distance travelled by a grain is always a multiple of
the elementary step length d.
 Bed transport
4. “Bed Load Equation” H.A. Einstein (1950)
1 - d - p - d - p2 - d - p3 - d - … - d - pi bewegen
• p = probability that a2 grain is eroded i-1
(1-p) p(1-p) p (1-p) p (1-p) blijven liggen
• (1 – p) = prob ability that a grain remains on the bed
The• probability
After oneto2step-length,
lay down at 1, the … times d , respectively,
2, 3, probability to stay is is: – p).
(1
(1-p) + p(1-p) + p (1-p) + …+ pi-1(1-p) + … = (1-p) (1 + p + p2 + …) = 1
• The probability that such a grain experiences a lift force
larger than its weight (under water), remains in motion
Theand
probability
starts that a particular
a second grain travels
elementary is p. i d is pi-1 (1 – p).
a distance
step
The mean distance travelled by all the grains thus is:
• After one elementary step length d , (1 – p) % of the
remaining grains will remain on the bed and p % will
continue their motion.

d
 (i 
• Afterd )  two elementary step lengths, " the
1  p  p i 1
 (1 –mean
p) %step  length
of these p "
i  1 %, i.e. p (1 – p) %1will  p stay there and p2 will continue to
move.
 Bed transport
4. “Bed Load Equation” H.A. Einstein (1950)

A sediment bed is stable if the number of grains that is 1

1 area
eroded per unit p  andg per
s is
unit oftimei (Npe) equals
  unit area
b
  g nthe s    2
  per unit 
number of grains that settles 3 down per 2  and
of time (Nd).
d s A 2 d s  s  A1 A 3 d s   d s  

mass flow rate of these grains 1 1

Nd 
A A i   g    
 area on which the grains settle
p down   mass of individual grain 
2
 1  2
 1
  
3 s
  s
  
1 N p  A2 aantal
A4 geërodeerd  s  d   s   
 ib  e korrels s
 1g d 3 
 n s 
e  horizontaal geprojecteerde oppervlakte van die korrel  uitwisselingstijd
 

ofg sbed
is
1 / m 2 , s number”)
1
Φ intensity
Nd  transport (“Einstein  ib p  1  g n  s    2
d     
 A d 3 N 2 
A  
p e
s

1  p  s 2 s
 A1 d s  A3  d s
 A   en p   
1N pi p  1
e
b
t 2
d d
 A' 3 s  A3  s
 

1
2 1  A  
 A11 d  t1
s
1
1
ws  gn s   
 gs 
 
  
 
2
 1 
 
2
qs is
 
 s  
 s    g d
 n s
3 

3  s 
1
2 1   
ds 2


 1

gn 2
ib
 A
u y  30 y   y 
 A  5.75 log10  5.75 log10  x   5.75 log10  x  10
5.75
u ks 1.0  k s
Bed ransport   y0  x
30
k 30 y k
y4.
0 “BedK Load

s
 Equation” H.A. Einstein (1950)
0 s

30 x x

1 ruwe wand is x =1)

K  ks  d65 (voor een
p,u the probability
5s.75log 
 y d  that
 y  a grain is eroded = the
probability
u 10 x   5.75 log  30 
 y that
 " stromingsi
the ntensiteit"lift force exceeds
 instantaneous
10
K
  Softhe
 0

the weight ' grain under water(Einstein)

V the velocity at the grains, is calculated at y = 0.35 X, with X = 0.77 K
0
(the “reference grainu* 2
size” 10 0.77 dg65’
) S (’ 
1 is the “part”
pP = ’ /  =
  Y B 2 1  of  that
1  1 2isrelated 
to sediment
p  P   C L V0 A1 d s  g   s    A2 d s 
2  3 
transport)

 2 1  1 1  2  
p  P p  P   B 2  B1'  2  1 
10.51   1    
CL 10= 0.178  
V0 X  
 5.75 log
u  K 
V  V0 1    V02 1   0 
0
2 2

B = 2 A2 / ((0.178 A1 (5.75)2)  
    
* =  / 0 is a stochastic
P  1     2 g  2ss    A2 d s 2 2 
 g d 2 A 1  
p p P
 

s
 X 2
      1  1
variable, with  1 Y 210 B102.52   u1P 0.178 1 1A  5.75    X  B  B'

anormal
2log 2 2 2

2 t

2
p  P        X  e  
dt  waarin
   and
(Gauss) distribution 0.178  u52 .75  log 10 100 .5   1   log
  K
with 2 1
A1 10 10.5    
  = 1
standard deviation  K    K  
 Bed transport
4. “Bed Load equation” H.A. Einstein(1950)
2
   Y 2       
1
 B 
 1
0
1

A  
  e dt 
 t2 t 2
p e dt 
   1 1  A  
  B 
  1 
2
 0
p  P  B2 2       
 0  
  1
3   B 
4  2
1
0
A  
 1     0.1188  

 t2
p  P       B
 en 
   B  
 
1 e dt 

 0  0   1 1  A  
  B 
0
 1   1 
p  P      B    P      B  
 0   0  “bedload equation” Einstein 1950
Vergelijking voor het bodemtransport
A* = 43.5; B* = 0.143 en 0 = 0.5
 2  0.143 
1 43.5  
e
 t2
1 dt 
  2  0.143 
1  43.5  
Transport capacities!!
Rouse parameter or Rouse number
Suspended
The Rouse parameter is transport
proportional to  2
.
1. Rouse-Vanoni (1941) 0.03 0.25 0.50 2
ws
c  z  h  z a  k u
   (78)
c  a  h  a z 
 ws
c  z  h  z a  k u
ws dA c(z)   
c  a  h  a z  1
ws c +  s dc = 0
d z

dc
s d z
dA (z – a) / (h – a)

0.5
du  z u z d u u
  0 1   u  um  ln vo lg t  waaruit :
d z  h k h d z kz

  z 1  z 1  z
 0   u  k z 1  0 
1    u 2 1    h
  h d u  h d u 0 0.5 1
d z d z

 z d c z dc ws c (z)d/ ct (a) w d t dt 
ws c  u  k z 1   0 of met  t :    s   
h c u  k t 1  t  u k  t 1t 
 h d z
 Suspended transport
2. suspended transport rate
h
g z    u ( z ) c( z ) dz
a
Massa transport rate of water * c(z)
u ( z)  z
 5.75 log10  30 
u  K

ws
h
 h  z a  k u z
g z   u  c(a )    5.75 log10 (30 ) dz
a
h a z K

  30 h  
g z  11 .6  c(a) u' a 2.3 log10  
 1 2
I I
  K  
 a ws   a ws 
I 1  ,  en I 2  , 
z
Az 1
1
1  y 
1  A z A
I 1  0.216   dy
 y   h k u   h k u 
z
Az  1
1
1  y 
1  A z A
I 2  0.216   ln y dy
 y 
ws a 2d
z en A 
0.4 u h h
 Total sediment transport
1. Einstein method
gs gs
c(a )  
 a V0 g

for a “rough bed”, K  ks = d

V0 at the bottom transport layer z = 2 d

V0  5.75 u log10  60   10.2 u

Einstein chooses V0 = 11.6 u* in such a way that gs = 11.6  a u* c(a) and

  30 h     30 h  
g z  11 .6  c(a) u' a 2.3 log 10   I 1  I 2   g s 2.3 log10   I1  I 2 
  K     K  
  30 h  
gtot = gs + gz = g tot  11 .6  c(a ) u ' a 1  2.3 log 10   1
I  I 2
  K  

g tot   g tot , i
i
 Totaal X h qs h
sedimenttransport  s qs g s
“transport parameter” G gr   X  
sd q
q d (1973, 1990)
2. formule van Ackers-White g
X = sedimentconcentration
Ackers en White
• transport difficulty in “splitting”  or S;
Avoid thefunction  Fgr 
m

• Use quantities that are easy to G gr  f Fgr and

understand c 
, D grto measure/ 1
calculate 
(e.g. U); and
are  A 
• Based on 52 experiments (more than 1000 measurements) from 14 different
dgr  1 (fijn)
researchers 1  dgr  60 dgr  60 (grof)
 g  s  1  3
1 dgr  60 (d  2.5 mm): grof sediment ( bodemtransport)
dimensielozen korreldiameter D gr  d  1  dgr  60 ( bodem en zwevend transport)

   2
n = 1 n 1
For coarse sediments (bed load transport)0 .56log 10 D  gr dgr  1 (d < 0.04 mm): fijn sediment (zwevend transport)
n=0
1 n
 
“mobilityA number” 1.5 n  0.23 U 
 Fgr
 0.37
Fgr  A  0.14   D
u   A = 9.17
G gr  0.025   1  0g .d36  s 1 F 32gr
0log
.17 
10 h 
1.5

m = 8.5
A  6.83 d 
m  1.67  m = 1.78
D gr
u( z )  30 z  U  10 h 
 5.75 log10   en u  U voor z  0.37 h  32 log10  
u  d  u  d 
log c  2.79 log D gr  0.98  log D gr   3.46
2
c = 0.0003 c = 0.025
A is the “initial motion parameter”. No sediment u transportg at
h Sall if Fgr > A.
hS 1
F   
From which *crit = A of *crit = 0.028gr(with the Shields diagram, one finds 0.060).
2   
g d ( s  1) g d ( s  1) d ( s  1) 
 Total sediment transport
3. Engelund & Hansen formula (1967)

  13 
  0.05  2    52
 n gn 
 

5 5
f   0.4  2
 0.4   2
 Total sediment transport
4. Yang formula (1973)
 ws d u 
log C t  5.435  0.286 log10  0.457 log10 
  ws 
 ws d u   US  U crit S 
1.799  0.409 log10  0.314 log10   log10  
  ws   ws 
Ucri t/ ws from Yang’s diagram

Yang formula, calibrated for the Yellow Rivier (1996)

 wd u 
log Ct  5.165  0.153 log10 s  0.297 log10   
  ws 
 ws d u    US 
1.780  0.360 log10  0.480 log10  log10  
  ws  
 s   ws 

If Ct ↗, ρ ↗, ρs - ρ↓, log (…) ↗, log Ct ↗:

Large transport capacity when sediment concentration is large. At high sediment
supply rates from upstream, possibly erosion instead of sedimentation!!
 Total sediment transport
5. L. van Rijn formula(1984)

Bed load transport

qb T 2 .1  Is intensity of sediment transport

   0.053 0.3
  s  1 g  12 1.5
d 50 D (cfr. Einstein) in m3 / s, m

  s  1 g 
1
3
D  d 50  2  Dimensionless grainsize (cfr. Ackers)
 

T
u   u 
' 2
 , crit
2

u  , crit
2 “transport stage parameter”
u’* is de “effective” friction velocity:
 U
u   ghS  g met U  C hS (Chézy ) that “part” of the friction velocity, related to
 C
bed load transport
 12  
u’* = g 0.5
U / C’ met C '  18 log  
 3 d 90 
Men berekent
"Unified view of achtereenvolgens D*,byu*currents
sediment transport crit (Shields),
andC’, u’*, T by
waves" en L.
tenslotte qb. 2007
van Rijn,
qs = A ( - crit)B = A (u*2 - u*crit2)B du Boys (1879),
van Rijn (1984),
-1/2 M.-P.,M. (1948)
Frijlink (1952)   * 1

qs =Meyer-Peter
A (u* - u*crit)B - Müller.  White
Ackers  -3/2(1973)  * 3
Engelund - Hansen    -5/2  * 5
qs =Einstein
A (S - Scrit)B- Brown    -6/2(1934, 1948)
Meyer-Peter  * 6
qs = A (Q - Qcrit)B Schoklitsch (1934 , 1950)

qs = “success
A ( - 0)B rate” VanEinstein
Rijn (1934,
White et1952)
1942, al (1973) &
(1984) Yang (1976)
qs = A (U - Ucrit)B Colby (1964)
Ackers White (1973 77 % 64 %
qs = A (hSU – (hSU) crit)B Bagnold (1966, 1977)
Van Rijn (1984) 77 %
qs = A (SU - SUcrit)B Yang (1972, 1973, 1982)
Yang (1973) 91 %

Engelund Hansen (1967) 76 % 58 %

Einstein (1950) 44 %
Quantumtheory (M. Planck, 1900)
Theory of General Relativity (A. Einstein, 1916)
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