THE SCIENCE OF RADIOLOGY &

RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY

BY: ANNA MAE R. ABARCA, RRT

OBJECTIVES
OBJECTIVES
◦ Understand the medical science of radiology
◦ Understand and memorize the history of radiology
◦ Understand the application of radiation in medical
diagnosis.
◦ Understand the role of the radiologic technologist in the
medical field
REFERENCES
◦Introduction to Radiologic Technology by
LaVerne Tolley Gurley & William Callaway,
Chapter 6, p. 67
RADIOLOGY
RADIOLOGY
◦THE SCIENCE DEALING WITH X-RAYS
AND OTHER HIGH-ENERGY RADIATION,
ESPECIALLY THE USE OF SUCH
RADIATION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND
TREATMENT OF DISEASE.
RADIATION
◦THE EMISSION OF ENERGY AS
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES OR AS
MOVING SUBATOMIC PARTICLES,
ESPECIALLY HIGH-ENERGY PARTICLES
THAT CAUSE IONIZATION
RADIOLOGIC TECHNOLOGY
◦“An auxiliary branch of radiology which deals
with the technical application of radiation, such
as x-rays, beta rays, gamma rays,
ultrasound, and radio frequency rays, in the
DIAGNOSIS and TREATMENT of
diseases.” - R.A. 7431
RADIOLOGY:
A HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVE
 THE
PIONEERS
OF
THE PIONEERS OF RADIOLOGY
◦ The development of radiology is only an effect of the
multiple developments of technical hardware.
◦ Archimedes- buoyancy
◦ Democritus- materials are composed of ultimate particles
◦ Thales- some effects of electricity
VACUUM TUBES
EVANGELIST
A
TORRICELLI
• FIRST
RECOGNIZED
THE VACUUM
WHEN HE
INVENTED
THE
BAROMETER
IN 1643
 OTTO VAN
GUERICKE
• INVENTED
AN AIR PUMP
THAT WAS
CAPABLE OF
REMOVING
AIR FROM A
VESSEL OR
TUBE IN 1646
 ROBERT
BOYLE
• REPEATED
OTTON VAN
GUERICKE’S
EXPERIMEN
T IN 1659
• BOYLE’S
LAW
 HERMANN
SPRENGEL
• REPEATED OTTON
VAN GUERICKE’S
EXPERIMENT IN
1865
• CONSIDERABLY
IMPROVED THE
EVACUATION
THEREFORE
MAKING BETTER
VACUUMS
• SPRENGEL PUMP
ELECTRICITY
 WILLIAM
GILBERT of
England
• WAS ONE OF THE
FIRST MEN TO
EXTENSIVELY
STUDY
ELECTRICITY
AND MAGNETISM
• INVENTED A
PRIMITIVE TYPE
OF
ELECTROSCOPE
 ISAAC
NEWTON
• BUILT AND
IMPROVED
THE
STATIC
GENERATO
R
 CHARLES
DuFAY
• WORKING
WITH GLASS,
SILK AND
PAPER,
DISTINGUISH
ED TWO
TYPES OF
ELECTRICITY
 ABBE JEAN
ANTOINE
NOLLET
• MADE
SIGNIFICANT
IMPROVEMENT IN
THE
ELECTROSCOPE
• ELECTROSCOPE-
VESSEL FOR
DISCHARGING
ELECTRICITY
UNDER VACUUM
CONDITIONS
 BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN
• AS AN
INVENTOR, HE IS
KNOWN FOR THE
LIGHTNING ROD,
BIFOCALS, AND
THE FRANKLIN 
STOVE, AMONG
OTHER
INVENTIONS.
 WILLIAM
WATSON

• DEMONSTRATE
D A CURRENT
OF
ELECTRICITY
BY
TRANSMITTING
ELECTRICITY
FROM A
LEYDEN JAR
THROUGH
WIRES AND A
VACUUM TUBE
 WILLIAM
MORGAN

• NOTICED THE
COLORATION
AND DIFFERENCE
IN COLOR OF
PARTIALLY
EVACUATED
TUBES.
• THE AMOUNT OF
AIR IN THE TUBE
DETERMINED
THE
COLORATION.
 MICHAEL
FARADAY

• INDUCED AN
ELECTRIC
CURRENT BY
MOVING A
MAGNET IN
AND OUT OF A
COIL IN 1831.
• ELECTROMAGN
ETIC
INDUCTION
 JOHANN
WILHELM
HITTORF

• EXPERIMENTE
D WITH
CATHODE
RAYS
 WILLIAM
CROOKES

• CROOKES’ TUBE
• DEMONSTRATED
THAT MATTER WAS
EMITTED FROM
THE CATHODE
EITH ENOUGH
ENERGY TO
ROTATE A WHEEK
PLACED WITHIN A
TUBE.
 PHILIPP
LENARD
• CATHODE RAYS
COULD
PENETRATE
THIN METAL
AND WOULD
PROJECT A FEW
CENTIMENTERS
INTO THE AIR
• ALSO STUDIED
THE
DEFLECTION OF
RAYS DUE TO
MAGNETIC
FIELDS
 WILLIAM
GOODPSEED
• PRODUCED A
RADIOGRAPH
IN 1890 BUT
WAS NOT
CREDITED
THE
DISCOVERY
OF X-RAYS.
J.H. SCHOLTZ
THE FIRST
PHOTOGRAPHIC
COPY OF
WRITTEN
MATERIAL in 1727
 R.L.
MADDOX
• PRODUCED A
FILM WITH
GELATIN
SILVER
BROMIDE
EMULSION
IN 1871
 GEORGE
EASTMAN
• PRODUCED
AND
PATENTED
ROLL-
PAPER
FILM IN
1871
ROENTGEN RAYS
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• BORN ON
MARCH 27,
1845
• RHINE RIVER
• SON OF A
TEXTILE
MERCHANT
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• BERTHA
LUDWIG
• UNIVERSI
TY OF
WURZBU
RG IN 1888
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• NOVEMB
ER 8, 1895
• CROOKES
TUBE AT
HIGH
VOLTAGE
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• BARIUM
PLATINO
CYANIDE
PAPER/PL
ATE
GLOWED
 WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• DECEMBER
28, 1895- A
NEW KIND OF
RAYS TO THE
WURZBURG
PHYSICO-
MEDICAL
SOCIETY
 WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• Asked his wife
to place her
hand on a
cassette
loaded w/
barium
platinocyanide
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• Directed
the x-ray
tube for
approxim
ately 15
minutes
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• RECEIVED
THE FIRST
NOBEL
PRIZE IN
PHYSICS
IN 1901
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• Died in
February
10, 1923
INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY
HISTORY
HIPPOCRATE
S
• 200- 300 B.C.
• INJECTED
BOTH
WATER
AND AIR
INTO THE
HEART
LEONARDO
DA VINCI
• RENAISSA
NCE
• ACCURATE
DIAGRAMS
OF THE
HEART
Click icon to add picture

CHRISTOPHER WREN • RENAISSANC

E
• DEMONSTRA
TEDVESSELS
THROUGH A
HOLLOW
REED
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• DISCOV
ERED X-
RAYS
 CLAUDE
BERNARD

• LATE 19TH
CENTURY
• INSERTED
CATHETERS
INTO JUGULAR
VEINS, IVC &
FEMORAL
ARTERIES
 • INJECTED
EDWARD HASCHECK &
OTTO LINDENTHAL CHALK INTO
THE
BRACHIAL
ARTERY OF A
CORPSE (JAN.
1896)
 CARLOS
HEUSER,
1919
• USED
SODIUM
IODIDE AS
CONTRAST
MEDIA FOR
UROLOGIC
EXAMS
 BARNEY
BROOKS 1924
• SODIUM
IODIDE
FOR
FEMORAL
ARTERIO
GRAPHY
 EGAS
MONIZ, 1927
• SODIUM
IODIDE
FOR
CAROTID
ANGIOG
RAPHY
REYNALDO
DOS SANTOS
• 1928
• PERCUT
ANEOUS
AORTOG
RAPHY
 BARNEY
BROOKS 1924
• SODIUM
IODIDE
FOR
FEMORAL
ARTERIO
GRAPHY
 WERNER
FORSSMAN

• 1929
• 1ST
CARDIAC
CATHETE
RIZATION
 REYNALDO
DOS SANTOS,
AUGUSTUS
LAMAS, JOSE
CALDAS

• 1931
• 1ST
GENERA
L
AORTOG
RAPHY
Click icon to add picture

RAMSEY &
STRAIN
• 1944
• PANTOP
AQUE
 GIDLUND
• 1956
• AUTOM
ATIC
INJECT
OR
 CHARLES
DOTTER
• PERCUTAN
EOUS
TRANSLU
MINAL
AOROTGR
APHY
• 1961
 ANDREAS
GRUNTZIG
• 1961
• DOUBLE
LUMEN
POLYBINYL
CHLORIDE
BALOON
CATHETER
NUCLEAR
MEDICINE
HISTORY
WILHELM
CONRAD
ROENTGEN
• DISCOV
ERED X-
RAYS
 HENRI
BECQUEREL
• 1896
• RADIOA
CTIVE
URANIU
M SALTS
 MARIE
CURIE
• COINED
THE
TERM
‘RADIOA
CTIVITY
’
GEORG VON
HEVESY
• 1923
• RADIOAC
TIVE
TRACERS
IN
PLANTS
ERNEST O.
LAWRENCE
• 1932
• RADIOIS
OTOPES
• CYCLOT
RON
 TARO
TAKEMI
• 1930
• APPLICATI
ON OF
NUCLEAR
PHYSICS
IN
MEDICINE
 IRENE
JOLIOT-CURIE
& FREDERIC
JOLIOT-CURIE
• 1934-
DISCOVERED AN
ARTIFICIALLY
PRODUCED
RADIONUCLIDE
S
• DISCOVERED
RADIOACTIVE
PHOSPHORUS
 EMILIO
SEGRÉ
• 1937
• DISCOVE
RED
TECHNET
IUM
• Tc99m
 GLENN T.
SEABORG
• Fe59
• I-131
AUGUST 1945
• DURING
WWII,
THE US
MANUFAC
TURED
NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
 1972

• ABNM
WAS
ESTABL
ISHED
NUCMED IN THE PHILIPPINES
◦ 1956- PGH ACCUMULATED THE 1ST NUCLEARA MEDICINE LABORATORY
◦ 1960S- 1ST GAMMA CAMERA
◦ 1966- Phil. Society of Nuclear Medicine
◦ 1978- Philippine Heart Center- Thalium Heart Scan
◦ 1986- Makati Medical Center- 1st SPECT gamma camera by Dr. Edmundo Villacorta
◦ 1991- Six SPECT machinees by MMC
◦ 2002- St. Luke’s Medical Center acquired the 1st PET Camera and cyclotron by Dr. Jonas Santiago