PERSIAN

GARDEN

PRAGATI KASHYAP
NANCY SHARMA
SAKHI GULATI
 PERSIAN GARDEN
 The Persian Garden refers to a tradition and style of
garden design which originated in Persia and which
influenced the design of gardens throughout the larger
region.
 The origin of Persian gardens may date back as far as
4000 BCE;
 "The decorated pottery of that time displays the
typical cross plan of the Persian garden.

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  These gardens are enclosed.
 The main purpose behind building such gardens was to
provide relaxation in different manner such as spiritual,
leisurely (e.g. meetings with friends).
 “Pairi daeza” means enclosed space in Persian
language.
 This Christian mythology adopted this term to describe
the Garden of Eden or paradise on earth.

Gardens Of Eden

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MORE FEATURES
 The construction of garden may have an
emphasis either on nature or on structure,
however the main thing this garden should
allow is maximization of function.
 The Persian gardens were built as a retreat
from the harsh landscape.
 These gardens are followed by modern-day
garden, from the sanctuaries and hunting
parks of 5th century B.C., 19th century
magical nightingale gardens of Tehran, etc.
 The Cyrus's garden had a geometrical plan
and stone watercourses.
COMMON FEATURES OF PERSIAN GARDENS
 A high surrounding wall
 Straight tile-lined channels of water
 Bubbling fountains
 Trees for shade and fruit
 A Pavilion or gazebo
 Strong emphasis on flowers in beds and pots Common features of Persian gardens
SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR
LAYOUT
 What really distinguishes Persian garden from
the gardens of other nations, however, is the
unique and intricate geometrical design that
governs it. Square and rectangle are the
predominant shapes.
 Despite their precise spacing and order,
Persian gardens still manage to create a range
of different spaces within their main space by
using various natural and man-made materials
that differ in shapes and sizes.

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SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR 2/11/20XX
THE FIVE ELEMENTS
There are five elements which contribute to the geometry of Persian
gardens.
 Perspective (or visual expanse of the garden) –
The greater length of the garden is where its most significant elements are situated. Known as
the spine of the garden, this area helps to create a space for meditation and enjoyment from the
day-to-day. Roads stretched into the horizon, brooks running to the end of the garden, little
gardens within the main garden, the natural slope of the land and the difference in vision angle
from different locations in the garden enriches the perspective of the space. Also, one of the
main principles of Persian architecture is internalization and this is why gardens are walled and
enclosed spaces.

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 Persian-style garden which was layed out in Haifa, Israel.
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Water Pathway –
 The main issue was to get water from
distance points. For this purpose, Qanats
and wells were dug and constructed in the
heart of the garden.
 Water flowing from these points would run
into well- spaced brooks and branch into
different sections of the garden like water
filled veins. Fin Garden, Bagh-e Tarikhi-ye
Fin. Kashan, Iran.

Fin Garden, Bagh-e Tarikhi-ye Fin. Kashan, Iran.

Overall rectangular geometry of the
garden –
 This shape made locating a precise place for
planting trees and implementation of other
structural elements much easier.
 It also helped to specifically frame a part of the
earth by imposing a definite geometrical
structure An overall top view of Pasargadae at
Cyrus’ time. Note the canal, water channels; the
two rectangles are gardens

An overall top view of Pasargadae at Cyrus’ time.

Note the canal, water channels; the two rectangles
are gardens
  Symmetry –
The granges in the garden were
not only built symmetrical but
were also situated symmetrically.
Trees, shrubs and flowers were
also planted this way
The walkways, garden and pools of the Taj Mahal, seen on
top of the platform on which the mausoleum stood.
Centralization of certain
structures –
This is manifest in placement of granges,
particularly granges of the Hasht Behesth (eight
paradises) design where granges are situated at
the crossroads that divide the garden into
different sections and therefore draw more
attention 
TYPES OF PERSIAN GARDENS
FORMAL
 Hayat (public and private)
 Meidan (public)
 Char Bagh (private)

CASUAL
 Bagh (private)
 Park (public)
HAYAT( PUBLIC)
 Publicly, it is a classical Persian layout
with heavy emphasis on aesthetics over
function.
 Man-made structures in the garden are
particularly important, with arches and
pools (which may be used to bathe).
 The ground is often covered in gravel
flagged with stone. Plantings are
typically very simple - such as a line of
trees, which also provide shade.

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HAYAT( PRIVATE)
 Privately, these gardens are often
pool-centered and, again, structural.
 The pool serves as a focus and
source of humidity for the
surrounding atmosphere.
 There are few plants, often due to
the limited water available in urban
areas

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MEIDAN
 This is a public, formal garden which
emphasizes more on biotic elements than
structure.
 Here we see bedding plants, trees, shrubs,
grasses, etc.
 In this garden also the elements like
gravel pathways, pools divide the lawns.
 The shade providing structures pavilions
are also built.

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CHAR BAGH
 These gardens are formal and private.

 The garden structure mainly consists of

four quadrants divided by pathways and
waterways.
 This garden has a balanced structure with
proper pathways and greenery or plants
around the periphery of the pool.

Aram bagh garden at Agra

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PARKS
 These are casual parks used for
public functions.
 These are full of various plants.

 Here we see pathways and seating but these

gardens are limited in terms of structural
elements.

 The purpose of such gardens is relaxation and

socialization.

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BAGH
  Like other casual gardens, it focuses on natural and green aspects of nature.

 These gardens are often attached to houses consisting of trees, lawns and ground
plants.

 It gives less emphasis on waterways and pathways.

 The primary aim is familial relaxation.

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NATURAL ELEMENTS OF PERSIAN
LANDSCAPING
 The important Persian garden elements are sunlight, shade, water, buildings.

 These elements provide relaxation in different manners such as spiritual, leisurely (e.g. meetings with
friends) etc. which is the primary aim of Persian garden which is considered as a paradise on earth.

 The Persian gardens often connect internal yard gardens with the surrounding outward gardens.

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 SUNLIGHT
  The important factor to be considered while
designing the Persian garden is sunlight and
its effects in the garden.

 Architects arranged the samples and forms

from the rays of light to restrain the sunlight.

 The specific textures and shapes were chosen

by the experienced architects to harness the
light

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SHADE
 Shade is also an important element due to heat
of Iran

 The Persian gardens includes trees, shrubs and

trellises which work as biotic shades to
provide protection from strong sunrays.

 In these gardens we can see large number of

big shade trees, fruit and flower trees as well.

 Walls and pavilions are also important in

blocking the harsh sunrays.

 Mostly cypress trees are found .

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 WATER
 In desert regions, there are many dry areas beside the many forests, therefore water comes as the next
important element in the Persian garden.

 The underground water canals are built on slopes to facilitate either natural or the artificial flow of
water (waterfalls).

 It is assumed that this style of irrigation is thousand years old.

 This style works in the best way and widely used even in modern gardening styles.

 For this purpose of moving water around the surface water systems.

 Trees are planted in a ditch called a jub, to prevent water evaporation and allow quick access of water to
the tree roots.

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 BUILDINGS
 In many of the Persian gardens, buildings of splendour, brick works and pavilions are seen.

 Here we also get to see the different structural designs like royal palaces, mansions, temples, etc.

 Iranian architects used to build domes on square buildings very skilfully.

 These enhance the beauty of these gardens.

 In Persian gardens, beautiful arches were constructed.

 In front of many mansions and palaces of these gardens, the water fountains were placed as the
source of cool, peaceful atmosphere and pleasure.

 The beautiful types of glasses (e.g. stain glasses) were used for windows and other glass works

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INFLUENCE
OF PERSIAN
GARDENS
IN INDIA
 THE TAJ MAHAL
 THE TAJ MAHAL Gardens, as at the Taj,
often formed an important accompaniment
to architecture. Without these gardens, the
splendors, visual impact and symbolism at
the Taj Mahal would be greatly reduced.

 The central water tank is a representation

of the 'celestial pool of abundance' and the
place where man met God. The corners of
the marble pool are finely decorated with a
cusped motif as shown here.

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THE CHAR BAGH LAYOUT

 The rectangular gardens, surrounded by a

high red sandstone wall, follow the Persian
chahar Bagh or 'four gardens' layout.

 Brought to India by the first Mughal

Emperor Babar, himself a keen botanist,
this layout frequently formed the plan of
tomb layouts during the Imperial era,
including Akbar's tomb at Sikandra as
shown here

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ITMAD-UD-DAULA’S
TOMB
 The garden is on the opposite bank of the River
Yamuna to Agra's Red Fort. It is a classic tomb garden
with stone- edged flower beds on the lawns.

 This is unlikely to have been the original planting

pattern. The garden was designed by Nur Jahan for her
father's tomb on the bank of the River Yamuna.

 Situated in a garden amidst fountains, it has a square

lower storey with four minarets in the four corners.

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THE ZENANA GARDEN AT FATEHPUR SIKRI
 Typical of Mughal gardens, it was reared in a
char Bagh pattern, divided into four quarters
by shallow water channels intersecting at
right angle.

 There was a fishpond in the center of the

garden. Niches were made in the northern
wall for the lamps that illuminated it in night
on festive and ceremonial occasions.

 There is a carved sloping stone slab on the

southern side with fish scale to allow the
smooth flow of water in the tank.

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SOME
EXAMPLE
OF PERSIAN
GARDENS
 FIN GARDEN,KASHAN ( CHAR BAGH)
 It is also called as Bagh-e-Fin located in Kashan, Iran.

 It is a historical Persian garden. The garden might have its origin in Safavid period.

 It was built near the village of Fin under the reign of Abbas I of Persia (1571-1629).

 The area of garden is 2.3 hectares consisting of a main yard surrounded with four circular towers.

 The fin garden is full of water features.

 There was a spring behind the garden on the hillside which was the main source of water for this garden.

 In this place the water pressure was such that fountains and pools could easily be constructed without the use of
mechanical pumps.

 The garden contains many cypress trees

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 The plan is a sophisticated Char Bagh
with grids of canals and paths.

 The canals are lined with blue-green

tiles, a colour which contrasts
wonderfully with the desert outside the
garden walls.

 At Fin, all the channels are lined, sides

and bottom, with blue faience tiles so
that the very water seems bright and
gay until it flows into one of the larger
pools, lined with great trees.

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ERAM GARDEN ( HAYAT )
 Built during the middle of nineteenth century by
the Ilkhanate or a paramount chief of the
Qashqai tribes of Pars.

 The original layout of the garden however,

with its quadripartite Persian paradise garden
structure was most likely laid in eighteenth
century by the Seljuqs.

 Over its 150 years the structure has been

modified, restored or stylistically changed by
various participants.

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THANK YOU

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