The t-test for Related

Samples
PSYC 211
Related Samples Design (1)
• Each subject receives 2 treatments (2 levels of
independent variable)
 2 scores per subject
 Scores are compared
 Sometimes called repeated measures design
Related Samples Design (2)
• Each subject in Group 1 is paired with a subject in Group 2
in some meaningful way
 e.g., twin study; spouses; or matched on any other
characteristic
 Sometimes called matched-subjects design
Example: Repeated Measures
• Suppose we want to test the effectiveness of a
program designed to increase scores on the
quantitative section of the Graduate Record Exam
(GRE). We test the program on a group of 8
students. Prior to entering the program, each student
takes a practice quantitative GRE; after completing
the program, each student takes another practice
exam. Based on their performance, was the program
effective?
Example: Repeated Measures
• Suppose we want to test the effectiveness of a
program designed to increase scores on the
quantitative section of the Graduate Record Exam
(GRE). We test the program on a group of 8
students. Prior to entering the program, each student
takes a practice quantitative GRE; after completing
the program, each student takes another practice
exam. Based on their performance, was the program
effective?
Example: Repeated Measures
• Suppose we want to test the effectiveness of a
program designed to increase scores on the
quantitative section of the Graduate Record Exam
(GRE). We test the program on a group of 8
students. Prior to entering the program, each student
takes a practice quantitative GRE; after completing
the program, each student takes another practice
exam. Based on their performance, was the program
effective?
Example: Repeated Measures
• Suppose we want to test the effectiveness of a
program designed to increase scores on the
quantitative section of the Graduate Record Exam
(GRE). We test the program on a group of 8
students. Prior to entering the program, each student
takes a practice quantitative GRE; after completing
the program, each student takes another practice
exam. Based on their performance, was the program
effective?
• Each subject contributes 2 scores: repeated measures design
Student Before Program After Program

1 520 555
2 490 510
3 600 585
4 620 645
5 580 630
6 560 550
7 610 645
8 480 520
• Canrepresent each student with a single score: the difference (D)
between the scores
Before After Program
Student Program D
1 520 555 35
2 490 510 20
3 600 585 -15
4 620 645 25
5 580 630 50
6 560 550 -10
7 610 645 35
8 480 520 40
• Approach: test the effectiveness of program by testing
significance of D
• Alternativehypothesis: program is effective → scores
after program will be higher than scores before
program → average D will be greater than zero

H0: µ D ≤ 0
HA: µ D > 0
 Recall that for single samples:

For related samples:

where:

and
 So, need to know ∑D and ∑D2:
Before After
Student Program Program D D2
1 520 555 35 1225
2 490 510 20 400
3 600 585 -15 225
4 620 645 25 625
5 580 630 50 2500
6 560 550 -10 100
7 610 645 35 1225
8 480 520 40 1600
∑D = 180 ∑D2 = 7900
Mean of D:

Standard deviation of D:

Standard error:
 Under H0, µD = 0, so:

From the Table: for α = 0.05, one-tailed, with df = 7,

tcrit = 1.895

2.714 > 1.895 → reject H0

The program is effective.

Example: Matched Subjects
A researcher wants to know whether there are
differences in extroversion between the older and
younger brother in a pair of brothers. To test this,
a test of extroversion is administered to each
brother, for 8 pairs of brothers.
Example: Matched Subjects
A researcher wants to know whether there are
differences in extroversion between the older and
younger brother in a pair of brothers. To test this,
a test of extroversion is administered to each
brother, for 8 pairs of brothers.
Example: Matched Subjects
A researcher wants to know whether there are
differences in extroversion between the older and
younger brother in a pair of brothers. To test this,
a test of extroversion is administered to each
brother, for 8 pairs of brothers.
Example: Matched Subjects
A researcher wants to know whether there are
differences in extroversion between the older and
younger brother in a pair of brothers. To test this,
a test of extroversion is administered to each
brother, for 8 pairs of brothers.

• Twogroups, matched on relevant characteristic:

matched-subjects design
Pair Younger Older
1 10 18
2 11 17
3 18 19
4 12 16
5 15 15
6 13 19
7 19 13
8 15 20
Alternative hypothesis: there is a difference in
extroversion between the older and younger brother
Non-directional hypothesis
H 0: µ D = 0
HA: µ D ≠ 0
Approach: same as repeated measures
Younger Older D D2
10 18 8 64
11 17 6 36
18 19 1 1
12 16 4 16
15 15 0 0
13 19 6 36
19 13 -6 36
15 20 5 25
∑D = 24 ∑D2 = 214
Mean of D:

Note: N = # of D scores = # of pairs of raw scores

Standard deviation of D:

Standard error:
 Under H0, µD = 0, so:

From Table: for α = 0.05, two-tailed, with df = 7,

tcrit = 2.365

1.884 < 2.364 → do not reject H0

No evidence for difference in extroversion.