REVIEW OF

THE THEORIES
TO THE
LEARNER’S
DEVELOPMENT
MODULE 3
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 Group 2
Basco, Von Bryan
Bolias, Ronald
Braquez, Paulet
Bruan, Joshua
Buslon, Charlotte
Cacap, Aj
Carinan, Joseph
Cartro, kyla
Catle, Angelica
Cunanan, Mecaila
De Jesus, Arriane
Delatrinidad, Rhea
Dizon, Danielle
Dizon, Patricia
 FREUD
3 COMPONENTS OF ERIKSONS PIAGET
PERSONALITY 8 PSYCHO-SOCIAL STAGES OF 4 STAGES OF COGNITIVE
5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
DEVELOPMENT

THEORIES RELATED TO THE

LEARNER’S DEVELOPMENT

VYGOTSKY
KOHLBERG • ON LANGUAGE BROFENBRENNER
3 STAGES AND 6 SUBSTANCES • ZONE OF PROXIMAL BIO-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEM
OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT
 Freud Freud proposed that there were 5 stages of
development. Freud believed that few
Psycho- people successfully completed all 5 of the
stages. Instead, he felt that most people
Sexual tied up their libido at one of the stages,
which prevented them from using that
Theory energy at a later stage.
 STAGE EROGENOUS ZONE FIXATION

ORAL DRINKING, EATING,

MOUTH SMOKING OR NAIL BITTING
(BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS)

ANAL ANAL RETENTIVE AND

ANUS ANAL EXPULSIVE
(18-32 MONTHS)

PHALLIC OEDIPUS COMPLEX AND

GENITALS ELECTRA COMPLEX
(3-6 YEARS)

SEXUAL FEELINGS SEXUAL ENERGY

LATENCY (6-PUBERTY)
ARE INACTIVE REPRESSED

STRONG SEXUAL
GENITAL MATURING SEXUAL
INTEREST IN OPPOSITE
(PUBERTY+) INTEREST
SEX
"The principle goal of
education is to create
men who are capable of
doing new things ,not Piaget's Stages
simply to repeating
what other generations
of Cognitive
have done - men who Development
are creative, inventive
and discovers".
 ERIKSON’S
STAGES OF
PSYCHOSOCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
“Healthy children will not fear life
if their elders have integrity
enough not to far death”
 Stage Crisis Maladaptation Malignancy Virtue
Infancy Trust vs Mistrust Sensory Withdrawal Hope
Distortion
Early Adulthood Autonomy vs. Impulsivity Compulsion Will Power
Shame & Doubt
Pre-school Initiative vs. Ruthlessness Inhibition Purpose
Guilt
School Age Industry vs. Narrow Inertia Competences
Inferiority Virtuosity
Adolescence Identity vs. Role Fanaticism Repudiation Fidelity
Confusion
Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Promiscuity Exclusivity Love
Isolation
Middle Generativity vs. Over extension Rejectivity Care
Adulthood Stagnation
Maturity Ego Integrity vs. Presumption Disdain Wisdom
Despair
 Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development

1. Assessed moral reasoning by 3. Each level is based on the

posing hypothetical moral degree to which a person
dilemmas and examining the conforms to conventional
reasoning behind people's answers standards of society

2. Proposed three distinct levels 4. Each level has two stages that
of moral reasoning: represent different degrees of
preconventional, conventional, sophistication in moral
and postconventional reasoning
KOHLBERG’S STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
 VYGOTSKY
ZONE OF PROXIMAL
DEVELOPMENT

“THE TEACHER MUST ORIENT HIS WORK NOT ON YESTERDAY’S

DEVELOPMENT IN THE CHILD BUT ON TOMORROW”
 URIE BRONFENBRENNER
ECOLOGICAL SYSYTEMS THEORY
The varied systems of the environment and the interrelationships
among the systems shape a child’s development.

American psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner formulated
the Ecological Systems Theory to explain how social environments
affect children’s development. This theory emphasizes the
importance of studying children in multiple environments, known
as ecological systems, in the attempt to understand their
development
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCE

MODULE 4
• Identify the different factors that
bring diversity in the classroom
TAKE
• Demonstrate a positive attitude THE
towards diversity as an enriching
element in the learning environment
CHALLENGE!
In this module, challenge yourself to:
• Come up with teaching strategies.
 ADVANCE ORGANIZER

Individual Differences Factors

(Student Diversity)
DIFFERENCES
INDIVIDUAL
Benefits of Diversity in the Classroom

Classroom Strategies for Student

Diversity
 FACTORS
THAT BRING In all learning environments, individuals
ABOUT interact with others who are in some
way different from them. It also comes
STUDENT from other factors like the following:
DIVERSITY
• Socioeconomic status

• Thinking/learning style (module 8)

• Exceptionalities (module 9)
 HOW STUDENT DIVERSITY ENRICHES
THE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT?

Student diversity prepares learners for

their role as responsible members of

1. 3.
Students’ self-
society.
awareness is enhanced “The classroom can provide more
by diversity. than just theory given by the teacher in
a lecture. With student diversity, the
classroom becomes a ‘public place’
where community can be practiced.” –
Suzanne Morse

Student diversity contributes

2. 4.
to cognitive development.
Student diversity
“The classroom is peculiarly can promote
the marketplace of ideas.” – harmony.
William J. Brennan
 SOME TIPS ON
STUDENT DIVERSITY
1. Encourage learners to share their personal history and
experiences.
2. Integrate learning experiences and activities which promote
students’ multicultural and cross-cultural awareness.
3. Aside from highlighting diversity, identify patterns of unity
that transcend group differences. “ Every human is, at the
same time, like all other humans, like some humans, and like
no other human.” –Clyde Kluckholn cited in Wong, 1991)
4. Communicate high expectations to students from all sub-
groups.
5. Use varied instructional methods to accommodate student diversity
in learning styles.

6. Vary the examples you use to illustrate concepts in order to provide

multiple contexts that are relevant to students from diverse
backgrounds.

7. Adapt to the students’ diverse backgrounds and learning styles by

allowing them personal choice and decision-making opportunities
concerning what they will learn and how they will learn it.

8. Diversify your methods of assessing and evaluating student

learning.

9. Purposely, form small-discussion groups of students from diverse

backgrounds. You can form groups of students with different learning
styles, different cultural background, etc.