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 ATOM AS A COMPILER OF MATTERS

The word atom is derived from the Greek "Atomos" which means it cannot be divided. All
material in this world has a very small part, so if the part is divided again, then there is
the smallest part that cannot be divided again, that is what is also called an atom.
Atom is a constituent of the smallest matter of all existing matter. This atom consists of a
nucleus (nucleus), and is surrounded by electrons which have a negative charge. In the
nucleus of this atom there are protons that are positively charged and neutrons which
have no charge (neutral).This atom has a diameter of around 6-30 nm. Particles such as
protons, neutrons and electrons are also bound to atoms because of an electromagnetic
force. Because of the electromagnetic force, atoms can join together with other atoms so
that they can form a molecule.
DEMOCRITUS’S ATOM
Atomic theories are always experiencing developments from time to time in
accordance with new discoveries discovered by experts. The theory of the atom
has begun since the century BC. A Greek philosopher named Democritus also
believes that a material is discontinuous, if the material is divided continuously,
then it will get a part that cannot be divided again. That part is called an atom.
DALTON’S ATOM
Atom is the smallest part of matter that cannot be divided anymore.
This atom is shaped like a small solid ball which is very small. An atom has elements
that have identical and different atoms with different elements.
These atoms if joined together will form a compound with a ratio of integers and
simple.
Chemical reaction is a separation or merging or rearrangement of atoms, so that
atoms cannot be created or destroyed
Strengths: Starting to generate interest in research on atomic models

Weaknesses: Dalton's atomic theory cannot explain that a solution can conduct an
electric current. How could a solid ball be able to conduct an electric current,
even though electricity is an electron that moves. Means there is another particle
that can conduct an electric current.
THOMSON’S ATOM
. Thomson's atomic theory reads "Atom is a particle shaped like a solid ball with a
positive charge, and in it a negative charge is spread". This atomic ball can be
fed like a guava peeled off. The electrons in an atom are exactly like guava seeds
that are spread evenly inside a guava.
Strength: Proves that there are other negatively charged particles in the atom. This
means that the atom is not the smallest part of an element.

Weaknesses: Thomson's model cannot explain the arrangement of positive and

negative charges in the atomic sphere.
RUTHERFORD’S ATOM
This atom is not a solid ball, because almost all alpha particles are passed on.
If the gold plate is considered to be a layer of gold atoms, then in the gold atom we
get very small particles with positive charges.
The positive particle is a particle making up the nucleus, and the size of the nucleus
is 10,000 times smaller than the size of the atom.
Strengths: Can hypothesize that atoms are made up of nuclei and electrons that surround the
nucleus. Rutherford's theory that these electrons surround the nucleus of the atom which
provided inspiration for the next new discovery that is about the path or position of the
electron, hereinafter known as the electron shell.
Weaknesses: Cannot explain why these electrons do not fall into the nucleus. Based on the
theory of motion, if the electrons that move around the nucleus are accompanied by
radiating energy, the electron energy will eventually decrease and the path will
increasingly approach the nucleus and fall into the nucleus.
 BOHR’S ATOM
Only a certain set of orbits is allowed for one electron in one hydrogen atom. This orbit is
also known as a stationary (settled) electron orbit and is a circular path around the
nucleus.
As long as these electrons are in the stationary path, the energy of the electrons will remain
so that no energy in the form of radiation is emitted or absorbed.
These electrons can move from one stationary path to another stationary path. This transfer
will also consume an energy according to the Plank equation E2-E1 = hf.
This permissible stationary path has a magnitude of certain properties, especially one called
angular momentum.
Strength: The Bohr atom is an atom made up of several shells for the electrons to
move.

Weaknesses: This atomic model is unable to explain the Zeeman effect and the
Strack effect.