SCIMATP Presentation

Electrical Properties of Materials

MR. RAYMUND B. BOLALIN

 ELECTRICAL PROPERTY
• response of a material to an applied electric field

ELECTRIC FIELD
• property of the space surrounding an electric
charge
• An “aura” surrounding a charge
• exerts a force on other electrically charged objects
 Electrical Properties of Materials
• Electrical conductivity/resistivity
• Dielectric constant
• Dielectric strength
• Permeability
• Permittivity
• Piezoelectric constants
• Seebeck coefficient
 Electrical resistivity
• Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity,
specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity)
quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the
flow of electric current.
– A low resistivity indicates a material that readily
allows the movement of electric charge.
– Resistivity is commonly represented by the Greek
letter ρ (rho).
– The SI unit of electrical resistivity is the ohm⋅metre
(Ω⋅m) although other units like ohm⋅centimetre
(Ω⋅cm) are also in use.
 Electrical conductivity
• Electrical conductivity or specific conductance is
the reciprocal quantity of resistivity, and measures
a material's ability to conduct an electric current.
– It is commonly represented by the Greek letter
σ (sigma), but κ (kappa) (especially in
electrical engineering) or γ (gamma) are also
occasionally used.
– Its SI unit is siemens per metre (S⋅m−1) and
CGSE unit is reciprocal second (s−1).
 Dielectric constant
• The relative permittivity of a material under given
conditions reflects the extent to which it concentrates
electrostatic lines of flux.
– In technical terms, it is the ratio of the amount of
electrical energy stored in a material by an applied
voltage, relative to that stored in a vacuum.
– Likewise, it is also the ratio of the capacitance of a
capacitor using that material as a dielectric,
compared to a similar capacitor that has a vacuum
as its dielectric.
 Dielectric constant
Material εr Material εr
Vacuum 1 (by definition) Ethylene Glycol 37
1.00058986 ± 0.00000050 Furfural 42.0
Air
(at STP, for 0.9 MHz),[2] 41.2, 47, 42.5
Glycerol
PTFE/Teflon 2.1 (0, 20, 25 °C)
Polyethylene 2.25 88, 80.1, 55.3, 34.5
Polyimide 3.4 Water (0, 20, 100, 200 °C)
Polypropylene 2.2–2.36 for visible light: 1.77
Polystyrene 2.4–2.7 Hydrofluoric acid 83.6 (0 °C)
Carbon disulfide 2.6 Formamide 84.0 (20 °C)
Paper 3.85 84–100
Sulfuric acid
(20–25 °C)
Electroactive polymers 2–12
128 aq–60
Silicon dioxide 3.9 [3] Hydrogen peroxide
(−30–25 °C)
Concrete 4.5
158.0–2.3
Pyrex (Glass) 4.7 (3.7–10) Hydrocyanic acid
(0–21 °C)
Rubber 7 Titanium dioxide 86–173
Diamond 5.5–10 Strontium titanate 310
Salt 3–15 Barium strontium titanate 500
Graphite 10–15 1250–10,000
Silicon 11.68 Barium titanate
(20–120 °C)
26, 22, 20, 17 Lead zirconate titanate 500–6000
Ammonia
(−80, −40, 0, 20 °C) Conjugated polymers 1.8-6 up to 100,000[4]
Methanol 30 Calcium copper titanate >250,000[5]
 Dielectric strength
• Dielectric strength refers to:
– the maximum electric field strength that it can
withstand intrinsically without breaking down,
i.e., without experiencing failure of its
insulating properties.
– the minimum electric field that produces
breakdown.
– the maximum electric stress the dielectric
material can withstand without breakdown
Dielectric strength
 Permeability
• Permeability is the measure of the ability of a
material to support the formation of a magnetic
field within itself.
– In other words, it is the degree of
magnetization that a material obtains in
response to an applied magnetic field.
– Magnetic permeability is typically represented
by the Greek letter μ.
– The reciprocal of magnetic permeability is
magnetic reluctivity.
Permeability
 Permittivity
• Absolute permittivity is the measure of the
resistance that is encountered when forming an
electric field in a medium.
– In other words, permittivity is a measure of how an
electric field affects, and is affected by, a dielectric
medium.
– The permittivity of a medium describes how much
electric field (more correctly, flux) is 'generated' per
unit charge in that medium.
– It relates to a material's ability to transmit (or
"permit") an electric field.
 Relative Permittivity
• The relative permittivity of
a material under given
conditions reflects the
extent to which it
concentrates electrostatic
lines of flux. In technical
terms, it is the ratio of the
amount of electrical energy
stored in a material by an
applied voltage, relative to
that stored in a vacuum.
 Piezoelectric constant
• The piezoelectric charge constant, d, is the
polarization generated per unit of mechanical
stress (T) applied to a piezoelectric material or,
alternatively, is the mechanical strain (S)
experienced by a piezoelectric material per unit of
electric field applied.

– Note: Piezoelectricity is the charge that accumulates in

certain solid materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics,
and biological matter such as bone, DNA and various
proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress.
 Piezoelectric constant

Direction X, Y, or Z is represented by the subscript 1, 2, or 3, respectively,

and shear about one of these axes is represented by the subscript 4, 5, or
6, respectively.
 Seebeck coefficient
• The Seebeck coefficient (also called the
thermopower, or thermoelectric power) of a
material is a measure of the magnitude of an
induced thermoelectric voltage in response to a
temperature difference across that material.
– The thermopower has units of volts per kelvin
(V/K), although it is more often given in
microvolts per kelvin (μV/K).
Seebeck coefficient