LEWIS STRUCTURE

and
CHEMICAL BONDING
 Lewis Structures
1) Find your element on the periodic table.
2) Determine the number of valence electrons.
3) This is how many electrons you will draw.
Lewis Structures

• Find out which group

(column) your element is in.
• This will tell you the number
of valence electrons your
element has.
• You will only draw the
valence electrons.
Groups - Review Group 8 = 8 electrons

Group 1 = 1 electron
Except for He, it has 2
Group 2 = 2 electrons electrons

•Each column is
3, 4, 5, 6, 7 called a “group”

•Each element in a
group has the same
number of electrons
in their outer orbital,
also known as
“shells”.

•The electrons in the

outer shell are called
“valence electrons”
 Lewis Structures
1) Write the element
symbol.
2) Carbon is in the 4th
group, so it has 4

C valence electrons.
3) Starting at the right,
draw 4 electrons, or
dots, counter-
clockwise around the
element symbol.
 Lewis Structures
1) Check your work.
2) Using your periodic
table, check that
Carbon is in the 4th

C group.
3) You should have 4 total
electrons, or dots,
drawn in for Carbon.
 Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, try

these elements on your own:
a) H

C
b) P
c) Ca
d) Ar
e) Cl
f) Al
 Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, try

these elements on your own:
a) H

H
b) P
c) Ca
d) Ar
e) Cl
f) Al
 Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, try

these elements on your own:
a) H

P
b) P
c) Ca
d) Ar
e) Cl
f) Al
 Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, try

these elements on your own:
a) H

Ca
b) P
c) Ca
d) Ar
e) Cl
f) Al
 Lewis Structures

On your worksheet, try

these elements on your own:
a) H

Ar
b) P
c) Ca
d) Ar
 Valence electrons for Elements

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 The
The Octet
Octet Rule
Rule
In forming compounds, atoms gain, lose, or
share electrons to give a stable electron
configuration characterized by 8 valence
electrons.
.. ..
: .. F:
F : ..

• The octet rule is the most useful in cases

involving covalent bonds to C, N, O, and F.

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 The
The Lewis
Lewis Model
Model of
of Chemical
Chemical
Bonding
Bonding
• In 1916 G. N. Lewis proposed that atoms
combine in order to achieve a more stable
electron configuration.
• Maximum stability results when an atom
is isoelectronic with a noble gas.
• An electron pair that is shared between
two atoms constitutes a covalent bond.
 The
The Octet
Octet Rule
Rule
In forming compounds, atoms gain, lose, or
share electrons to give a stable electron
configuration characterized by 8 valence
electrons.
.. ..
: .. F:
F : ..

• The octet rule is the most useful in cases

involving covalent bonds to C, N, O, and F.

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 Ionic bonding

• Ionic substances are formed when an atom that loses

electrons relatively easily react with an atom that has a
high affinity for electrons.
ex. metal-nonmetal compound

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 Chemical Bonds

Ionic bonds are formed by the attraction of

oppositely charged ions.

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 Ionic Bonds

• Metal to nonmetal.
• Metal loses electrons to form cation.
• Nonmetal gains electrons to form anion.
• The electronegativity between the metal and the
nonmetal must be > than 2.
• Ionic bond results from + to − attraction.
– Larger charge = stronger attraction.
– Smaller ion = stronger attraction.
• Lewis theory allows us to predict the correct
formulas of ionic compounds.

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 Convalent Bonds—Sharing
• Some atoms are unlikely to lose or gain
electrons because the number of electrons
in their outer levels makes this difficult.
• Consider the Lewis dot structure of carbon
.
. C. . C+4 + 4e-
• The alternative is sharing electrons.

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 Covalent
Covalent Bonding
Bonding in
in H
H22

Two hydrogen atoms, each with 1 electron,

H. .H

can share those electrons in a covalent

bond.
H: H

• Sharing the electron pair gives each

hydrogen an electron configuration
analogous to helium.
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 Covalent
Covalent Bonding
Bonding in
in H
H22

Two hydrogen atoms, each with 1 electron,

H. .H

can share those electrons in a covalent

bond.
H: H

• Sharing the electron pair gives each

hydrogen an electron configuration
analogous to helium.
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 Covalent Bonding

• Electron are shared by nuclei

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 The Convalent Bond
• Shared electrons are attracted to the nuclei
of both atoms.
• They move back and forth between the
outer energy levels of each atom in the
covalent bond.
• So, each atom has a stable outer energy
level some of the time.

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 Covalent
Covalent Bonding
Bonding in
in FF22

Two fluorine atoms, each with 7 valence electrons,

.. ..
: ..F . . F:
..

can share those electrons in a covalent

bond. .. ..
: .. F:
F : ..

• Sharing the electron pair gives each fluorine

an electron configuration analogous to neon.

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 Example
Example
Combine carbon (4 valence electrons) and
four fluorines (7 valence electrons each)
. ..
. C.
. F.
: ..

to write a Lewis structure for CF4.

..
.. : ..F: ..
: ..F: C : F
.. :
..
: ..F:
The octet rule is satisfied for carbon and

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 Organic
Organicexamples
examples

H H
H
.. H ..
H: C : : C :H Ethylene C C
H H

H : C : :: C :H Acetylene H C C H

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 Covalent Bonds
• Often found between two nonmetals.
• Typical of molecular species.
• Atoms bonded together to form molecules.
– Strong attraction.
• Atoms share pairs of electrons to attain octets.
• Molecules generally weakly attracted to each
other.
– Observed physical properties of molecular substance
due to these attractions.

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 Chemical Bonds

Covalent bonds form when atoms share 2 or more valence

electrons.

Covalent bond strength depends on the number of electron pairs

shared by the atoms.

single < doubl < triple

bond e bond
bond
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 Single Covalent Bonds

• Two atoms share one pair of electrons.

– 2 electrons.
• One atom may have more than one single bond.

•• •• ••
F • • F H• •O •H
••

••

•
•• •• ••
•• •• ••
F F H
••

O H
••
••

••

••
•• •• ••
F F

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 Double Covalent Bond
• Two atoms sharing two pairs of electrons.
– 4 electrons.
• Shorter and stronger than single bond.

•• ••
•O •O

•
•• ••
•O• •• ••
•• •• O
••
O O

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 Chemical Bonds

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 Bond Polarity
• Bonding between unlike atoms results in unequal
sharing of the electrons.
– One atom pulls the electrons in the bond closer to its side.
– One end of the bond has larger electron density than the other.
• The result is bond polarity.
– The end with the larger electron density gets a partial negative
charge and the end that is electron deficient gets a partial
positive charge.

d+ H •• Cl d-
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 Nonpolar and polar covalent bonds

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 Probability representations of the electron sharing in HF.

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 Nature of bonds and
electronegativity
Electronegativity Bond
difference (∆)
∆>2 Ionic
0.4 < ∆ < 2 Polar covalent
∆ < 0.4 Covalent

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