Number Systems

Module 4

Information and Communications

Technology Fundamentals
(ITEFUND)
Objectives:

1. Discuss the significance of the number

systems to computer study.
2. Distinguish the different number systems
3. Performing basic mathematical operations
on different number systems.
4. Convert from one number system to
another
Topics:

1. Binary Numbers
2. Decimal Numbers
3. Octal Numbers
4. Hexadecimal Numbers
5. Additions & Subtractions of Number
Systems
6. Number Conversions
Introduction:

The study of number system will help us

gain better understanding of how
computers perform computation.
Binary number is the true language of
computer since it is operated into two
state.
Understanding Number Systems:

 The radix, or base, of a number system

is the total number of unique symbols
available in that system.
 The largest valued symbol always has a
magnitude of one less than the radix.
 Decimal Numbers:

 Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in

the base-ten numeral system, which uses
various symbols (called digits) for ten distinct
values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent
numbers.
 These digits are often used with a
decimal separator which indicates the start of a
fractional part, and with one of the sign symbols
+ (plus) or − (minus) to indicate sign.
 Decimal Numbers:

 The decimal system is a

positional numeral system; it has positions for
units, tens, hundreds, etc.
 The position of each digit conveys the multiplier
(a power of ten) to be used with that digit—
each position has a value ten times that of the
position to its right.
Binary Numbers:
o The binary system works in exactly the same way,
except that its place value is based on the number
two.
o In the binary system, we have the one's place, the
two's place, the four's place, the eight's place, the
sixteen's place, and so on.
o Each place in the number represents two times (2X's)
the place to its right.
o Binary number system has a base, or radix, of 2.
Binary numbers are composed of two symbols: 0 and
1.
Binary Numbers:
 Decimal Binary
 0 0000 8 + 2 = 10
1 0001
 2  0010
8 4 2 1
 3  0011
 4  0100 1010
 5  0101
 6  0110 Considering the digits that
 7  0111 has a value of 1 and adding
 8  1000 it number marker on the
top of each digits
 9  1001
 10  1010
 Octal Numbers:

 The octal number system has a base, or radix,

of 8. Octal numbers are composed of eight
symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.
Hexadecimal Numbers:

• The hexadecimal number system has a base,

or radix, of 16. Hexadecimal numbers are
composed of sixteen symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F.
• Symbols A to F correspond to decimal
numbers 10 to 15.
Number Conversions:

 Binary to Decimal , Octal, Hexadecimal

 Decimal to Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal
 Octal to Decimal, Binary, Hexadecimal
 Hexadecimal to Binary, Octal, Decimal
Binary to decimal Numbers:

• Remember that Binary numbers are based on the

radix of 2 while Decimal numbers are based on the
radix of 10.
• Remember also that binary will only be represented in
1s and 0s.
• Steps in converting Binary to Decimal:
o Place a number marker on the top of the given digits,
starting from 0 up the last given digits—starting from
the right to determine the exponent to use.
o Consider all the 1s in the given digits and multiply it with
the base number of the given digits (which is base 2)
and raised it with power of the number corresponded in
the number marker you placed on the top of the given
digits.
 Binary-decimal Numbers:

Place the number marker

1010102 = ?10 on the top of the given
digits, starting from the
right, starting from 0 up to
5 4 3 2 1 0 the last given digit on the
= 101010 left.

= 1*25 + 1*23 + 1*21

= 32 + 8 + 2

= 4210
Example: Binary - decimal Numbers
101.012
If dealing with fraction in
binary the marker will start
at the right side of the
decimal point and starting
with the -1 up to the last
given digit.
= ?10 1*2-2 will be converted
into 1*2½ which results
into 0.25 because you will
be dividing 1 / 4 which
comes from 1*2½
= 101.01
2 0 -2
= 1*2 + 1*2 + 1*2
= 4 + 1 + 0.25
= 5.2510
Binary to Octal Numbers:

 Since one octal digit is equivalent to three binary

digits, just group three binary digits, starting from the
least significant bit (right side).
 Append 0 to the most significant bit (left side), if the
grouping does not have enough to form three binary
digits.
 In short, you must complete the grouping of three
digits.
 If you will be having a fraction (decimal point),
append 0 to the least most significant bit (right side)
of the given digits to complete the grouping of three
bits.
 Binary to Octal Numbers (cont.):

 Steps in converting Binary to Octal:

 Group the given digits in three starting from the
right side.
 If the grouping is not complete, place 0 to
complete the grouping.
 Once you have grouped it into three digits, you
starting converting the binary digits into decimal
values following the concepts of binary digits (4,
2, 1) starting from the right.
Example of Binary-Octal Numbers:

11010102 = ?8
3rd group 2nd group 1st group

Add 0 to the left, to = 001 101 010

complete the
grouping 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1

= 001 101 010

= 1 5 28 Simply add all the

number markers
considering the
binary digits that
= 1528 has 1 on it.
 Hexadecimal Numbers:

1101.012 = ?8
2nd group 1st group 1st group

Add 0 to the right, to

= 001 101 . 010
complete the
grouping for the 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1
fractional part of the = 001 101 . 010
given binary

Simply add all the

= 1 5 . 28 number markers
considering the
binary digits that has
1 on it.
= 15.28
Binary to Hexadecimal Numbers:

 Since one hexadecimal digit is equivalent to four

binary digits, just group four binary digits, starting
from the least significant bit (right side).
 Append 0 to the most significant bit (left side), if the
grouping does not have enough to form four binary
digits.
 In short, you must complete the grouping of four
digits.
 If you will be having a fraction (decimal point),
append 0 to the least most significant bit (right side)
of the given digits to complete the grouping of three
bits.
 Binary to Hexadecimal Numbers:

 Steps in converting Binary to Hexadecimal:

 Group the given digits in four starting from the right
side.
 If the grouping is not complete, place 0 to complete
the grouping.
 Once you have grouped it into three digits, you
starting converting the binary digits into decimal
values following the concepts of binary digits (8, 4,
2, 1) starting from the right.
 Example of Binary to Hexadecimal Numbers:
Simply add all the
11010102 = ?16 number markers
considering the
2nd group 1st group binary digits that has
1 on it.
= 0110 1010
Add 0 to the left, to 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
complete the
grouping = 0110 1010

= 6 A16

= 6A16
 Example of Binary to Hexadecimal Numbers:

1101.012 = ?16 Simply add all

the number
markers
1st group 1st group considering the

Add 0 to the left, to

= 1101 . 0100 binary digits that
has 1 on it.
complete the
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
grouping
= 1101 . 0100

= D . 416

= D.416
Decimal to Binary Numbers:

 Converting a decimal number to a binary

number is done by successively dividing
the decimal number by 2 on the left side of
the radix.
 If you will have a fractional part of the
given decimal, successively multiplying the
decimal number by 2 on the right side of
the radix.
 Decimal to Binary Numbers:

 Steps in converting Decimal to Binary:

 Divide the given decimal number with the base
number you are converting it to, which is 2.
 Whatever the answer you will get in the division
will be divided again with the base (2) until you
cannot divide the answer anymore with 2.
 The remainder that you will get will be the one
you consider as your converted answer.
 Example of Decimal to Binary Numbers:

610 = ?2 Remainder of the division, will only

have two values since it is in base 2,
meaning you can only have 1 or 0 as
a remainder.
= 1102

remainder
= 6/2 0
In reading the
= 3/2 1 answer, you
should read it
= 1/2 1 upward.

= 0/2
 Example of Decimal to Binary Numbers:

6.62510 = ?2
You will be multiplying
only the decimal numbers
= 110.1012 with base 2 until you
reach 0 in the decimal
place.

= .625*2
= 1.25*2 1
In reading the
= 0.25*2 0 answer, you
should read it
= 1.0 1 Stop here, because it is downward.
already 0
 Decimal to Octal Numbers:

• Converting a decimal number to an octal

number is done by successively dividing the
decimal number by 8 on the left side of the
radix.
• If you will have a fractional part of the given
decimal, successively multiplying the decimal
number by 8 on the right side of the radix.
 Decimal to Octal Numbers (cont):

• Steps in converting Decimal to Octal:

– Divide the given decimal number with the base
number you are converting it to, which is 8.
– Whatever the answer you will get in the division
will be divided again with the base (8) until you
cannot divide the answer anymore with 8.
– The remainder that you will get will be the one
you consider as your converted answer.
Example of Decimal to Octal Numbers:

6610 = ?8

Remainder of the division, will only

= 1028 have 0-7 values since it is in base 8

remainder
= 66/8 2 In reading the
answer, you
= 8/8 0 should read it
upward.
= 1/8 1
= 0/8
 Example of Decimal to Octal Numbers:

66.62510 = ?8
You will be multiplying
only the decimal numbers
with base 8 until you
= 102.58 reach 0 in the decimal
place.

= .625*8 In reading the

Stop here, because it is answer, you
= 5. 0 already 0 5 should read it
downward.
Decimal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

• Converting a decimal number to a

hexadecimal number is done by successively
dividing the decimal number by 16 on the left
side of the radix
• If you will have a fractional part of the given
decimal, successively multiplying the decimal
number by 16 on the right side of the radix.
 Decimal to Hexadecimal Numbers(cont):
• Steps in converting Decimal to Hexadecimal:
– Divide the given decimal number with the base number
you are converting it to, which is 16.
– Whatever the answer you will get in the division will be
divided again with the base (16) until you cannot divide
the answer anymore with 16.
– The remainder that you will get will be the one you
consider as your converted answer.
 Example of Decimal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

28610 = ?16 Remainder of the division, will only

have 0-9, A-F values since it is in
base 16

= 11E16
In reading the
answer, you
remainder should read it
= 286/16 14 upward.

= 17/16 1 The value 14

should be
= 1/16 1 converted to
hexadecimal
= 0/16 format
 Example of Decimal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

286.62510 = ?16
You will be multiplying
only the decimal numbers
= 11E.A16 with base 8 until you
reach 0 in the decimal
place.

= .625*16 In reading the

answer, you
= 10.0 Stop here, because e
it is already 0
10 should read it
downward.
 Octal to Decimal Numbers:

• Remember that Octal numbers are based on the radix of 8

while Decimal numbers are based on the radix of 10.
• Remember also that Octal will only be represented with value
0-7.
• Steps in converting Octal to Decimal:
– Place a number marker on the top of the given digits,
starting from 0 up the last given digits—starting from the
right to determine the exponent to use.
– Considering all the given digits, multiply it with the base
number of the given digits (which is base 8) and raised it
with power of the number corresponded in the number
marker you placed on the top of the given digits.
Example of Octal to Decimal Numbers:

Place the number marker

on the top of the given
7618 = ?10 digits, starting from the
right, starting from 0 up to
2 1 0 the last given digit on the
left.
= 761

= 7*82 + 6*81 + 1*80

= 448+ 48 + 1

= 49710
 Example of Octal to Decimal Numbers:

761.188 = ?10 1*2-2 will be converted into

1*2½ which results into 0.25
because you will be dividing
If dealing with fraction in 2 1 0 -1 -2 1 / 4 which comes from 1*2½
octal the marker will start
= 761.15
at the right side of the
decimal point and starting
with the -1 up to the last
= digit.7*82 + 6*81
given + 1*80 + 1*8-1 + 8*8-2

= 56+48+1+0.125+0.125

= 761.2510
 Octal to Binary Numbers:

• Since one octal digit is equivalent to three

binary digits, just convert the individual octal
digit into three binary digits.
• Steps in converting Octal to Binary:
– Convert each of the given octal number by simply
using the concept of (4, 2, 1).
– Place a binary 1 to correspond the given octal
number.
 Example of Octal to Binary Numbers:

7618 = ?2 Simply add all the number

markers considering the
binary digits that has 1 on
4 2 1 it, to get the octal number
= 7 111 given.

4 2 1
= 6 110

= 1 001 4 2 1

= 111 110 0012

 Example of Octal to Binary Numbers:

761.258 = ?2
4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2 1

= 111 110 001 . 010 101

7 6 1 2 5

= 111 110 001.0101012

Octal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

• When converting an octal digit to a hexadecimal digit,

you must first convert the octal number to binary
number and group it by four and convert the grouped
digits to hexadecimal by using the concept of (8, 4, 2, 1).
• If the digits is not enough to form a grouping of four then
append 0 on the left side of the digits.
• If the given octal have fraction, then append 0 on the
right side of the given digits.
Octal to Hexadecimal Numbers (cont.):

• Steps in converting Octal to Hexadecimal:

– Convert the octal digits in binary by considering
each given digits and represent it in binary using
the concept (4, 2, 1).
– Once it is in binary, that’s the time you convert the
binary into hexadecimal, by grouping it into four.
Example of Octal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

7618 = ?16

= 111 110 001

7 6 1

= 0001 1111 0001

1 F 1

= 1F116
Example of Octal to Hexadecimal Numbers:

761.758 = ?16

= 111 110 001 . 111 101

7 6 1 7 5

= 0001 1111 0001 . 1111 0100

1 F 1 F 4

= 1F1.F416
 Hexadecimal to Binary Numbers:

• Since one hexadecimal digit is equivalent to

four binary digits, just convert the individual
hexadecimal digit into four binary digit
Example of Hexadecimal to Binary Numbers:

7AE316 = ?2

= 7 0111
A 1010
E 1110
3 0011

= 0111 1010 1110 00112

 Example of Hexadecimal to Binary Numbers:

7AE.316 = ?2

= 7 0111
A 1010
E 1110
3 0011

= 0111 1010 1110 . 00112

 Hexadecimal to Octal Numbers:

• When converting an hexadecimal digit to an octal digit,

you must first convert the hexadecimal number to binary
number and group it by three and convert the grouped
digits to octal by using the concept of (4, 2, 1).
• If the digits is not enough to form a grouping of three
then append 0 on the left side of the digits.
• If the given hexadecimal have fraction, then append 0 on
the right side of the given digits.
Hexadecimal to Octal Numbers (cont.):

• Steps in converting Hexadecimal to Octal:

– Convert the hexadecimal digits in binary by
considering each given digits
– Once converted to binary group the binary into
three and using the concept (4, 2, 1).
 Example of Hexadecimal to Octal Numbers:

7AE316 = ?8

= 7 0111
A 1010
E 1110
3 0011

= 0 111 101 011 100 0112

7 5 3 4 3

= 753438
 Example of Hexadecimal to Octal Numbers:

7AE.316 = ?8

= 7 0111
A 1010
E 1110
3 0011

= 0111 1010 1110 . 00112

= 011 110 101 110 . 001 1002

3 6 5 6 1 4

= 3656.148
Hexadecimal to Decimal Numbers:
• Each hexadecimal position is weighted with a power of
16.
• Digits on the left side of the radix point has a positive
exponent while on the right side of the radix point has a
negative exponent.
• Converting a hexadecimal number to a decimal number
is done by successively multiplying the decimal number
by 16 on the left side of the radix
• If you will have a fractional part of the given decimal,
successively multiplying the decimal number by 16 on
the right side of the radix.
Hexadecimal to Decimal Numbers:

• Steps in converting Hexadecimal to Decimal:

– Place a number marker on the top of the given
number for determining the exponent to be used.
– Get the individual digit and multiply it by the base
number (16) and raised it with the exponent
corresponds to the number marker you place on
each digit, then to the addition operation.
Example Hexadecimal to Decimal Numbers:

286.A16 = ?10
2 1 0 -1

= 286.A

= 2*162 + 8*161 + 6*160 + A*16-1

= 646. 62510
Example Hexadecimal to Decimal Numbers:

286A16 = ?10
3 2 1 0

= 286A

= 2*163 + 8*162 + 6*161 + A*160

= 1034610
 Summary
1. Significance of the number systems to
computer study.
2. Different number systems
3. Performing basic mathematical operations
on different number systems.
4. Convert from one number system to
another