Direction: Spell the following word correctly.

1. Genetics - the study of heredity

2. Heredity - a biological process where a parent

passes certain genes onto their children
or offspring.

3. Chromosomes - are thread-like molecules that carry

hereditary information for everything
4. Heterozygous Inheritance -
-the genes come from two parent cells to
reproduce.

5. Homozygous Inheritance -

-a genetic condition where an individual

inherits the same alleles for a particular
gene from both parents.
Complete a Punnete Square
with the following parents
genotypes blue (B), red (R) : a
cross between a blue flower
and a red flower what will be
the offspring.
Phenotypes: 2 Blue Genotypes: 2 BB
2 Purple 2 BR
•Does this example represent co dominance or
incomplete dominance?

Incomplete Dominance
•In incomplete dominance, neither allele is
dominant, the heterozygous offspring the
phenotype is a blend of both traits
•In co-dominance, both alleles are
dominant and are equally expressed.
•Mendel found that the
inheritance of one trait, did
not influence the
inheritance of any other
trait.
•It states that the alleles of
different genes separate
independently of one
another during gamete
formation.

•This occurs during meiosis

I when the homologous
chromosomes line up along
the metaphase plate.
•The of Law of Independent Assortment states that the gene group
independently of each other, but there is an exception.

•Where our genes located?

•In our cells during •On DNA

early steps before
sexual
reproduction, when
•Some genes that are
the laws of close together on our
segregation and
independent
chromosomes cannot
assortment come break. The genes rarely
into play, our DNA
condenses into
independently assort.
chromosomes.
•Explain the different pattern of
inheritance. S9LT-Id-29

oSolve genetic problems involving the

sex linked trait patterns of inheritance.
 Group the class into five (5), each group
will have a leader a secretary and a reporter.

 Laboratory Rules
o Read and understand the procedure.
o Do not throw garbage's anywhere.
o Keep clean the place you are working.
Rubrics
CRITERIA DESCRIPTIONS SCORE
10 8 6 4
Presentation/ All idea are Most idea are Some idea are Some idea
organization logically logically logically aren’t
presented. presented. presented presented
Correctness of Shows deep Shows Shows shallow Shows limited
Idea understanding. considerable understanding understanding
understanding.
Collaboration Collaborating Collaborating Collaborating with Collaborating
with each with some 2-5 members. with members
members. members. doesn’t show.
Total Score
“Springfield Secrets, Sex
Linked Traits with Homer
and Marge”.
•Obesity
Obese– Homer
Not Obese – Marge
•Color Vision
Color blind – Homer
Normal Vision – Marge
•Hair Growth
Bald – Homer
Normal Hair – Marge
•Hearing
Normal Hearing – Homer
Deaf - Marge
Observed traits of Homer and Marge Simpson.
Trait Homer’s Homer’s Marge’s Marge
Genotype Phenotype Genotype Phenotype

Obesity Obese Not

X⁰ Y Xᵒ Xᵒ Obese
Color Colorblind Normal
Vision Xⁿ Y Xᴺ Xⁿ Vision
Hair Bald Normal
growth Xᵇ Y Xᴮ Xᴮ Hair
Hearing Normal deaf
Xᴰ Y Hearing Xᵈ Xᵈ
•Which parent determines the gender
of the child? Explain why.

-The father determines the sex of a

child, he is the only parent that can
pass on the Y gene. The mother has
two copies of the X gene
•Why are males affected by recessive
sex linked disease more often than
females?

-Males receive one copy of the X gene from

their mothers. Regardless of dominance, if
the recessive gene is present in the copy X
chromosome they receive, they will have no
dominant allele to mask it.
• What will be the sex of a child
produced when an egg is fertilized by a
sperm that has a Y chromosome?
•If a male has a disease that is Y-linked,
what percentage of his sons will inherit the
disease?

-100% the sons will inherit the

disease allele from the father, who
can only provide one copy of this
chromosome.
•If a male has a disease that is Y-linked,
what percentage of his daughters will
inherit the disease? What percentage
will be carriers?

-None of the female offspring will

inherit the disease nor be carriers
since the daughters have no Y
chromosome at all.
Sex Linked Genes
The Xs and Ys of Genetics
 Sex Linked Genes
• There are 23 pairs of
chromosomes and
one of those pairs are
the sex
chromosomes.
• There are either X
chromosomes or Y
chromosomes.
 Sex Linked Genes
• The X and Y sex chromosomes carry the genes that
determine your gender

• Men have a combination of X and Y sex

chromosomes.

• Women have two X

chromosomes. XY
XX
This is what they look like
 Before we move on,

• Draw a Punnett square

to show the probability
of having a boy in any
given pregnancy.

• Remember boys are XY

and girls are XX
 Sex Linked Genes
• These • Genes that are
chromosomes not carried by either
only carry the genes sex chromosome
that determine male
(X or Y) are said
and female traits,
but also those for
to be SEX
some other LINKED
characteristics as
well.
 Males
• Men normally have an
X and a Y
combination of sex
chromosomes.
• Since only men inherit
the Y chromosome,
they are the only ones
that inherit Y-linked
traits.
 Females
• Women have
2X
chromosomes
X Linked Traits
• Men and Women
can get the X-
linked traits,
Why?

Because they
both inherit X
chromosomes.
Sex inheritance patterns for male
and female children
 X Chromosome Traits
• Men only have one
X chromosome
• Therefore genes on XAY dominant, shown
XaY recessive, shown
that chromosome
are expressed in
the male
phenotype, even if
it is a recessive
gene.
 X-linked traits
• In women, a recessive allele on one X
chromosome is often masked on their
phenotype. Why?
• Because dominant normal allele may be present on
the other X chromosome.

• If the woman is heterozygous for the X-linked disease,

she is said to be a carrier. This means she does not
have the disease, but can pass it to her children.
XA XA dominant, shown
XA Xa dominant masks the recessive, shown
Xa Xa recessive, not shown
 X-linked traits
• In humans, at least
120 genes are known
to be X-linked.
• Genes for hemophilia,
red-green color
blindness, congenital
night blindness, and
Duchene muscular
dystrophy.
 Hemophilia
• An X-linked
genetically inherited
recessive disease
• Can not clot their
blood
• Severe bleeding from
minor cuts
• Mostly in males
 Red-Green Color Blindness
• X-linked
• Cannot perceive the difference
between red and green
• Most often afflicts males
 Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
• Characterized by a gradual irreversible
wasting away of skeletal muscle.
• An X-linked trait most often passed on to
sons from their mothers.
• Begins to weaken the legs of boys by age
3 and gets worse every year.
• No cure and the individual afflicted with
the disease usually dies by age 30.
 Y-linked Traits
• The Y chromosome is small and therefore
does not contain many genes
• Y linked diseases are very rare
• Only passed from father to son.
• Example: Male infertility or retinitis
pigmentosa (causes progressive loss of
sight.
 Hypertrichosis Pinnae.
• Hairy ears
• Can happen later
in life.
• Y-linked
• In humans, haemophilia is
a sex linked trait. Female
can be normal, carriers, or
have the disease. Males
will either have the
disease or not.
 = female, normal
= female, carrier = male, normal
= female, hemophiliac = male, hemophiliac

Show the cross of a man who has hemophilia with a woman who
is a carrier.
•What is the probability that their children will have the disease?
_______________
•A woman who is a carrier marries a normal man. Show the
cross. What is the probability that their children will have
hemophilia? What sex will a child in the family with Hemophilia
be?
•A woman who has hemophilia marries a normal man. How
many of their children will have hemophilia, and what is their sex?
•A human female "carrier" who is heterozygous for
the recessive, sex-linked trait red color blindness,
marries a normal male. What proportion of their
female offspring will show the trait?

•In a cross between a white-eyed female fruit

fly and red-eyed male, what percent of the
female offspring will have white eyes?(White
eyes are X-linked, recessive.)
The term genetic engineering initially referred to various
techniques used for the modification or manipulation of
organisms through the processes of heredity and 
reproduction. As such, the term embraced both artificial
selection and all the interventions of biomedical techniques,
among them artificial insemination, in vitro fertilization (e.g.,
“test-tube” babies), cloning, and gene manipulation. In the
latter part of the 20th century, however, the term came to
refer more specifically to methods of 
recombinant DNA technology (or gene cloning), in which
DNA molecules from two or more sources are combined
either within cells or in vitro and are then inserted into host
organisms in which they are able to propagate.
Direction: Solve the following genetic
problems involving sex linked traits.
•Explain the importance of biological diversity

•What causes species extinction?

•How can changes in the environment affect the continued

survival of the species?

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