Presented by…

Anurag Sharma
Dhruv Sharma
Automotive Lovi Verma
Safety Mohd Faizan Siddique
Presented to. Mr. Abhishek Mishra
Manish Somnani
Jitendra Kr. Biswas
 Automotive safety is the study and
practice of design, construction,
equipment and regulation to minimize
the occurrence and consequences of
traffic collisions involving
motor vehicles.

What is ? Car safety is very important to reduce

the occurrence of vehicle accidents
Air bags
Front airbags have been standard on all new cars
since 1998 and light trucks since 1999. Most
vehicles had them even before then. Crash sensors
connected to an onboard computer detect a frontal
collision and trigger the bags. The bags inflate in a
few milliseconds—the blink of an eye—then
immediately start deflating.

While airbags have saved thousands of lives, they

also have the potential to cause injury or even death
to children or to occupants who aren’t using a
seatbelt. Children under 12 should be seated in the
rear in an appropriate restraint system and rear-
facing child seats should never be installed in front
seats equipped with airbags.
Antilock
brakes (ABS)
Before antilock brakes came along, it was all
too easy to lock up the wheels (stop them
from turning) during hard braking. Sliding
the front tires makes it impossible to steer,
particularly on slippery surfaces. ABS
prevents this from happening by using
sensors at each wheel and a computer that
maximizes braking action at each individual
wheel to prevent lock-up. ABS allows the
driver to retain steering control while
braking, so that the car can be maneuvered
around an obstacle, if necessary. Some
drivers, unaccustomed to ABS actuation, may
be alarmed as the pulsing sensation
conveyed through the brake pedal and
chattering at the wheels when used. Not to
worry. This is the system rapidly applying the
brakes to provide maximum power and
control. The trick is to push hard on the pedal
and let the system do its job.
This electronically controlled system
limits wheel spin during acceleration so
that the drive wheels have maximum
traction. It’s particularly useful when
starting off in wet or icy conditions,
and/or launching with a high-
horsepower engine. Some traction-
control systems operate only at low
speeds, while others work at all speeds.

Most traction-control systems use the

car’s antilock brake system to
momentarily brake a spinning wheel.
This routes power to the opposite drive
wheel. Some systems also may throttle
back the engine, and upshift the
transmission, to prevent wheel spin.
Electronic stability control
Electronic stability control (ESC) takes traction control a
step further. This system helps keep the vehicle on its
intended path during a turn, to avoid sliding or skidding. It
uses a computer linked to a series of sensors—detecting
wheel speed, steering angle, sideways motion, and yaw
(rotation). If the car drifts outside the driver’s intended
path, the stability-control system momentarily brakes one
or more wheels and, depending on the system, reduces
engine power to pull the car back on course.
ESC is especially helpful with tall, top-heavy vehicles like
sport-utilities and pickups, where it can also help keep the
vehicle out of situations where it could roll over.
Electronic stability control became standard equipment
on all cars with the 2012 model year. It started on luxury
cars years ago and then migrated to other vehicles. It
became especially commonplace on SUVs. Automakers
each tend to have a proprietary name for their stability
control systems, as listed below. If in doubt whether a
used car has it, find out before you buy. Prior to 2012,
while a model may be available with ESC, not necessarily
every trim or individual car was so equipped.
 An automotive radar is used to locate objects, such as
vehicles and pedestrians, in the vicinity of the car. A radar
consists of a receiver and a transmitter. The transmitter
sends out radio waves that hit an object and bounce back
to the receiver. By controlling the direction in which radio
waves are sent and received it is possible to detect objects'
distance, speed and direction. This requires steerable
antennas that can be automatically directed or receive
signals simultaneously from several different directions.
Automotive radars can be categorized into three
types: long range radars, medium range radars and
short range radars. Long range radars are used for
measuring the distance to and speed of other
vehicles. Medium range radars are used for detecting
objects within a wider field of view e.g. for cross
traffic alert systems. Short range radars are used for
sensing in the vicinity of the car, e.g. for parking aid
or obstacle detection. Depending on the application,
radar requirements differ. Short range applications
require a steerable antenna with a large scanning
angle, creating a wide field of view. Long range
applications on the other hand, require more
directive antennas that provide a higher resolution
within a more limited scanning range.
Two different frequency bands are mainly used for
automotive radars: the 24 GHz band and the 77 GHz
band. The 77 GHz band offers higher performance,
but it is also more challenging to implement since
for example losses are much higher at these
frequencies. The 24 GHz radars are easier to develop
but are larger in size, making it difficult to integrate
them in a vehicle. Radars operating at 24 GHz
require around three times larger antennas than
radars operating at 77 GHz, to achieve the same
performance. A 77 GHz radar would thus be much
smaller resulting in easier integration and lower cost.
The most important aspect for moving to higher
frequencies is that it enables radars with a better
resolution. One of today’s major challenges is
therefore to develop steerable antennas for 77 GHz
radars with high enough performance at a reasonable
cost.
GPS
A GPS tracking system uses
the Global Navigation
Satellite System (GNSS)
network. This network
incorporates a range of
satellites that use
microwave signals that are
transmitted to GPS devices
to give information on
location, vehicle speed,
time and direction.