UNIT I

Classification of Signals &

Systems
CT vs DT signals
Unit step, Unit ramp and Impulse signals
 Operations of Signals
• Sometime a given mathematical function may
completely describe a signal .
• Different operations are required for different purposes
of arbitrary signals.
• The operations on signals can be
1. Time Shifting
2.Time Inversion or Time Folding
3.Amplitude scaling
4.Time Scaling
5.Addition and Multiplication of signals
 1. Time Shifting
• The original signal x(t) is shifted by an
amount tₒ.

• X(t)X(t-to) Signal Delayed Shift to the

right
• X(t)X(t+to) Signal Advanced Shift
to the left
 2.Time Inversion or Time Folding

• Time reversal is also called time folding

• In Time reversal signal is reversed with
respect to time i.e.
y(t) = x(-t) is obtained for the given
function
Folding the signal with respect to origin
Time reversal Contd.
 3.Amplitude scaling
For the given function x(t), a x(t) is the amplitude scaled
version of x(t)
 4.Time Scaling
• For the given function x(t), x(at) is the time
scaled version of x(t)
• For a ˃ 1,period of function x(t) reduces and
function speeds up. Graph of the function
shrinks.
• For a ˂ 1, the period of the x(t) increases and
the function slows down. Graph of the
function expands.
 Time scaling Contd.
• Given y(t),
– find w(t) = y(3t)
and v(t) = y(t/3).
5.Addition,Subtraction and
Multiplication of signals
 What is System?
• Systems process input signals to produce output
signals
• A system is combination of elements that
manipulates one or more signals to produce some
output.
input signal output signal
system (y(t)-Response)
(x(t)-Excitation)
 Types of Systems
• Static & Dynamic
• Time Variant &Time-invariant
• Linear & Non Linear
• Causal & Anticausal
• Stable & Unstable
 Static & Dynamic Systems
• A static system is memoryless system
• It has no storage devices
• Its output signal depends on present values of the input signal
* No integral and derivative part

Hint:
x(t-2)-Past
x(t)- Present
x(t+4)-Future
 Static & Dynamic Systems Contd.
• A dynamic system possesses memory
• It has the storage devices
• A system is said to possess memory if its output
signal depends on past values and future values of
the input signal
* Integral and derivative parts are present
 Time Invariant and Time Variant
Systems
• A system is said to be time invariant if the time
shift in input signal gives corresponding time
shift in out put signal otherwise it is said to be
time variant. Transformation operator

T[x(t-T)]=y(t-T)
Shift in intput = Shift in output
 Causal & Anticausal Systems
• Causal system : A system is said to be causal if the
present value of the output signal depends only on
the present and/or past values of the input signal.
• Anticausal system : A system is said to be
anticausal if the present value of the output signal
depends only on the future values of the input signal
 Linear & Non Linear Systems
A system is said to be linear if it satisfies the principles
of superposition.

T[a1x1(n)+a2x2(n)] = a1 T[x1(n)]+a2 T[x2(n)]

Linear combination of input [y3`(t)] = Linear combination of output [y3(t)]

y3`(t) = y3(t) -> Linear

y3`(t) = y3(t) -> Non Linear

 Stable & Unstable Systems
• Impulse Response
CONTD…
THANKS