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Measurements Sensors
Temperature Level
Measurement
being used.
Instrumentation:
pressure
– is force per unit area over which the force is distributed.
– is force per unit area, exerted by a fluid on the surface of the
container.
– Is an important factor should be measured in all industries.
p gh p1 p2 gh
Well type Manometer
pressure.
• The deformation may be measured by mechanical or electrical
means.
• These devices may be classified into three types.
– Diaphragm Elements
– Bellows Elements
Bourdon-Tube Pressure
– C- type
– helical type.
Operation:
measured.
it is applied to pressure.
• Expandable element
Orifice Meter
Venturimeter
Pitot Tube
– The fluid then expands and re-attaches to the pipe wall, and the
Fd + f Vb g = b Vb g
Flow
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The force balance on the Combining the Fd equation with the
bob gives: force balance equation gives:
Fd + f Vb g = b Vb g
1/ 2
where: 1 2 gV
b b
Fd: the drag force = 0.5Cd Ab um 1
f um Cd Ab f
Cd: a drag coefficient
Ab: the frontal area of the bob or
um: the mean flow velocity of 1/ 2
the 1 2 gV
b b
annular area between the Q Aum A 1
bob and the tube Cd Ab f
f,b: the densities of the fluid
and the bob where A is the annular area and is given by
Vb: volume of the bob
A D ay d 2
4
2
Level Measurement
• In modern manufacturing industries which use many
or vessel.
23
FLOAT DISPLACEMENTLEVEL MEASUREMENT
– The float sensor is accurate and have a linear output with level height.
– The float material is less dense than the density of the liquid, and
constant.
levels.
constant.
– The gamma rays from the source are directed towards the detector
maintained.
device.
–TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Temperature measurement methods can be broadly classified as
follows:
– non-electrical methods,
– radiation methods.
Resistance temperature detector (RTD)
– The resistance of most metals increases in a reasonably linear way
with temperature according to the following equation:
– RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector) is a temperature sensitive
resistor.
– It is a positive temperature coefficient device, which means that
the resistance increases with temperature.
RT R0 (1 T )
Thermocouple
– If two dissimilar wires are connected together to form a closed
increasing temperature.
object.
measured .
‘physical quantity
SENSOR
– To choose an appropriate sensor for a particular need, we have to