Capacitors and Inductors

Chapter 6
Chap. 6, Capacitors and Inductors

• Introduction
• Capacitors
• Series and Parallel Capacitors
• Inductors
• Series and Parallel Inductors

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 2

 6.1 Introduction

• Resistor: a passive element which dissipates

energy only
• Two important passive linear circuit
elements:
1) Capacitor
2) Inductor
• Capacitor and inductor can store energy
only and they can neither generate nor
dissipate energy.
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 3
 Michael Faraday (1971-1867)

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 4

 6.2 Capacitors
• A capacitor consists of two conducting plates
separated by an insulator (or dielectric).

εA
C
d
   r 0
 0  8.854 10 12 (F/m)

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 5

 εA
C
d
• Three factors affecting the value of
capacitance:
1. Area: the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. Spacing between the plates: the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. Material permittivity: the higher the permittivity,
the greater the capacitance.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 6

 Fig 6.4

(a) Polyester capacitor, (b) Ceramic capacitor, (c) Electrolytic capacitor

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 7

 Fig 6.5

Variable capacitors

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 8

 Fig 6.3

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 9

 Fig 6.2

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 10

 Charge in Capacitors

• The relation between the charge in plates and

the voltage across a capacitor is given below.
q  Cv
q Linear
1F  1 C/V Nonlinear

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 11

 Voltage Limit on a Capacitor

• Since q=Cv, the plate charge increases as the

voltage increases. The electric field intensity
between two plates increases. If the voltage
across the capacitor is so large that the field
intensity is large enough to break down the
insulation of the dielectric, the capacitor is out
of work. Hence, every practical capacitor has a
maximum limit on its operating voltage.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 12

 I-V Relation of Capacitor

dq dv
+ i q  Cv, i  C
C
dt dt
v

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 13

 Physical Meaning
dv
iC
dt

• when v is a constant voltage, then i=0; a constant voltage across a capacitor creates no
current through the capacitor, the capacitor in this case is the same as an open circuit.
• If v is abruptly changed, then the current will have an infinite value that is practically
impossible. Hence, a capacitor is impossible to have an abrupt change in its voltage except
an infinite current is applied.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 14

 Fig 6.7

• A capacitor is an open circuit to dc.

• The voltage on a capacitor cannot change
abruptly.

Abrupt change
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 15
 dv 1 t +
 v()  0 
i
iC v(t )   idt
dt C  v C

1 t
v(t )   idt  v(to)
C to
 v(to)  q(to) / C  -

• The charge on a capacitor is an integration of

current through the capacitor. Hence, the
memory effect counts.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 16

 Energy Storing in Capacitor
dv
p  vi  Cv
dt
t dv t
v (t ) 1 2
w   pdt  C  v dt  C v (  ) vdv  Cv v (t )
v (  )
dt 2
1
w(t )  Cv 2 (t ) ( v( )  0) + i
2 C
v

q 2 (t )
w(t )  -
2C

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 17

 Model of Practical Capacitor

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 18

 Example 6.1

(a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF

capacitor with 20V across it.
(b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 19

 Example 6.1

Solution:
(a) Since q  Cv,
12
q  3  10  20  60pC

(b) The energy stored is

1 2 1 12
w  Cv   3  10  400  600pJ
2 2

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 20

 Example 6.2

• The voltage across a 5- F capacitor is

v(t )  10 cos 6000t V
Calculate the current through it.
Solution:
• By definition, the current is
dv 6 d
iC  5  10 (10 cos 6000t )
dt dt
 5 10 6  6000 10 sin 6000t  0.3 sin 6000t A

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 21

 Example 6.3
• Determine the voltage across a 2-F capacitor if the
current through it is
3000t
i (t )  6e mA
Assume that the initial capacitor voltage is zero.
Solution:
• Since v  1 t idt  v (0) and v(0)  0,
 C 0

1 t 3000 t 3  10 3000t t
3
v 6 0
6 e 3
dt 10  e
2  10  3000 0

3000t
 (1  e )V
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 22
 Example 6.4

• Determine the current through a 200- F

capacitor whose voltage is shown in Fig 6.9.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 23

 Example 6.4

Solution:
• The voltage waveform can be described
mathematically as
 50t V 0  t 1
 100  50t V 1 t  3
v(t )  
 200  50t V 3t  4

 0 otherwise

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 24

 Example 6.4

• Since i = C dv/dt and C = 200 F, we take the

derivative of to obtain

 50 0  t  1  10mA 0  t 1
6  50 1  t  3  10mA 1 t  3
i (t )  200  10   
50 3t  4 10mA 3t  4
 
 0 otherwise  0 otherwise

• Thus the current waveform is shown in

Fig.6.10.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 25

 Example 6.4

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 26

 Example 6.5

• Obtain the energy stored in each capacitor in

Fig. 6.12(a) under dc condition.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 27

 Example 6.5

Solution:
• Under dc condition, we replace each capacitor
with an open circuit. By current division,
3
i (6mA)  2mA
3 2 4
 v1  2000 i  4 V, v 2  4000i  8 V
1 1 3
 w1  C1v1  (2  10 )(4)  16mJ
2 2

2 2
1 1 3
w2  C2 v2  (4  10 )(8)  128mJ
2 2

2 2
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 28
 Fig 6.14

Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 29

 6.3 Series and Parallel Capacitors

i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN
dv dv dv dv
i  C1  C2  C3  ...  C N
dt dt dt dt
 N
 dv dv
   C K   Ceq
 k 1  dt dt
Ceq  C1  C2  C3  ....  C N
• The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-
connected capacitors is the sum of the
individual capacitance.
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 30
 Fig 6.15

1 1 1 1 1
    ... 
Ceq C1 C2 C3 CN

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 31

 Series Capacitors
v(t )  v1 (t )  v2 (t )  ...  v N (t )
1 t 1 1 1 1 t
Ceq id  ( C1  C2  C3  ...  C N )id
q(t ) q (t ) q (t ) q (t )
  
Ceq C1 C2 CN
• The equivalent capacitance of series-
connected capacitors is the reciprocal of the
sum of the reciprocals of the individual
capacitances.
1 1 1 C1C2
  Ceq 
Ceq C1 C2 C1  C2
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 32
 Summary

• These results enable us to look the capacitor in

this way: 1/C has the equivalent effect as the
resistance. The equivalent capacitor of
capacitors connected in parallel or series can
be obtained via this point of view, so is the Y-
△ connection and its transformation

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 33

 Example 6.6

• Find the equivalent capacitance seen between

terminals a and b of the circuit in Fig 6.16.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 34

 Example 6.6

Solution:
 20  F and 5  F capacitors are in series:
20  5
  4 F
20  5
 4  F capacitor is in parallel with the 6  F
and 20  F capacitors:
 4  6  20  30F
 30  F capacitor is in series with
the 60  F capacitor.
30  60
Ceq  F  20F
30  60
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 35
 Example 6.7

• For the circuit in Fig 6.18, find the voltage

across each capacitor.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 36

 Example 6.7

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 37

 Example 6.7
Solution:
• Two parallel capacitors:
1
 Ceq  1 1 1 mF  10mF
 
60 30 20
• Total charge
3
q  Ceq v  10  10  30  0.3 C
• This is the charge on the 20-mF and 30-mF
capacitors, because they are in series with the 30-v
source. ( A crude way to see this is to imagine that
charge acts like current, since i = dq/dt)

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 38

 Example 6.7
• Therefore, q 0.3
v1   3
 15 V,
C1 20  10
q 0.3
v2   3
 10 V
C2 30  10
• Having determined v1 and v2, we now use KVL to
determine v3 by
v3  30  v1  v2  5V
• Alternatively, since the 40-mF and 20-mF capacitors
are in parallel, they have the same voltage v3 and their
combined capacitance is 40+20=60mF.
q 0.3
 v3   3
 5V
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors
60mF 60  10 39
 Joseph Henry (1979-1878)

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 40

 6.4 Inductors
• An inductor is made of a coil of conducting wire

N A
2
L
l

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 41

 Fig 6.22
N 2 A
L
l
  r 0
 0  4 10 7 (H/m)

N : number of turns.
l :length.
A:cross  sectional area.
 : permeability of the core

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 42

 Fig 6.23

(a) air-core
(b) iron-core
(c) variable iron-core

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 43

 Flux in Inductors

• The relation between the flux in inductor and

the current through the inductor is given
below.   Li
ψ Linear
1H  1 Weber/A
Nonlinear

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 44

 Energy Storage Form

• An inductor is a passive element designed to

store energy in the magnetic field while a
capacitor stores energy in the electric field.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 45

 I-V Relation of Inductors
i
• An inductor consists of
+
a coil of conducting
wire. d di
v L v
L
dt dt
-

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 46

 Physical Meaning
d di
v L
dt dt
• When the current through an inductor is a constant,
then the voltage across the inductor is zero, same as a
short circuit.
• No abrupt change of the current through an inductor
is possible except an infinite voltage across the
inductor is applied.
• The inductor can be used to generate a high voltage,
for example, used as an igniting element.
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 47
 Fig 6.25

• An inductor are like a short circuit to dc.

• The current through an inductor cannot change
instantaneously.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 48

 1 1 t
di  vdt i   v (t )dt
L L  +

v
1 t
i   v(t )dt  i (to )
L

L to -

The inductor has memory.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 49

 Energy Stored in an Inductor
 di 
P  vi   L  i +
 dt 
t  di  t
v
L
w   pdt    L idt
 dt  -
i (t ) 1 2 1 2
 L i (  ) i di  Li (t )  Li () i ()  0,
2 2
• The energy stored in an inductor
1 2
w(t )  Li (t )
2
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 50
 Model of a Practical Inductor

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 51

 Example 6.8

• The current through a 0.1-H inductor is i(t) =

10te-5t A. Find the voltage across the inductor
and the energy stored in it.
Solution:
di
Since v  L and L  0.1H,
dt
d
v  0.1 (10te 5t )  e 5t  t (5)e 5t  e 5t (1  5t )V
dt
The energy stored is
1 2 1
w  Li  (0.1)100t 2 e 10t  5t 2 e 10t J
2 2
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 52
 Example 6.9

• Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the

voltage across it is
30t , t  0
2
v(t )  
 0, t0
Also find the energy stored within 0 < t < 5s.
Assume i(0)=0.
Solution: 1 t
Since i  t v(t )dt  i (t0 ) and L  5H.
L 0

3
1 t t
i  0 30t dt  0  6   2t 3 A
2

5 3
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 53
 Example 6.9
The power p  vi  60t 5 , and the energy stored is then
6
t 5
5
w   pdt  0 60t dt  60  156.25 kJ
5

60
Alternatively, we can obtain the energystored using
Eq.(6.13), by writing
1 2 1
w(5)  w(0)  Li (5)  Li (0)
2 2
1
 (5)(2  5 )  0  156.25 kJ
3 2

2
as obtained before.
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 54
 Example 6.10

• Consider the circuit in

Fig 6.27(a). Under dc
conditions, find:
(a) i, vC, and iL.
(b) the energy stored
in the capacitor and
inductor.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 55

 Example 6.10

Solution:
(a ) Under dc condition : capacitor  open circuit
inductor  short circuit
12
i  iL   2 A, vc  5i  10 V
1 5
(b) 1 1
wc  Cvc  (1)(10 2 )  50J,
2

2 2
1 2 1
wL  Li  (2)(2 2 )  4J
2 2
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 56
 Inductors in Series

Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 57

 Inductors in Parallel

1 1 1 1
  
Leq L1 L2 LN

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 58

 6.5 Series and Parallel Inductors

• Applying KVL to the loop,

v  v1  v2  v3  ...  v N
• Substituting vk = Lk di/dt results in
di di di di
v  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
dt dt dt dt
di
 ( L1  L2  L3  ...  LN )
dt
 N
 di di
   LK   Leq
 K 1  dt dt
Leq  L1  L2  L3  ...  LN
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 59
 Parallel Inductors

• Using KCL, i  i1  i2  i3  ...  iN

• But ik  1 tt vdt  ik (t0 )
Lk o

1 t 1 t 1 t
i  t vdt  i1 (t0 )  t vdt  is (t0 )  ...  t vdt  iN (t0 )
Lk 0
L2 0 LN 0

1 1 1 t
    ...   t vdt  i1 (t0 )  i2 (t0 )  ...  iN (t0 )
 L1 L2 LN  0

N 1t N
1 t
    t vdt   ik (t0 )   vdt  i (t0 )
 k 1 Lk  Leq
0 t 0
k 1

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 60

• The inductor in various connection has the
same effect as the resistor. Hence, the Y-Δ
transformation of inductors can be similarly
derived.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 61

 Table 6.1

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 62

 Example 6.11

• Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit

shown in Fig. 6.31.

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 63

 Example 6.11

• Solution:
Series : 20H, 12H, 10H
 42H
7  42
Parallel :  6H
7  42
 Leq  4  6  8  18H

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 64

 Practice Problem 6.11

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 65

 Example 6.12

• Find the circuit in Fig. 6.33, i (t )  4(2  e 10t )mA.

If i2 (0)  1 mA, find : (a) i (0) 1

(b) v(t ), v1 (t ), and v2 (t ); (c) i1 (t ) and i2 (t )

Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 66

 Example 6.12

Solution:
10 t
(a ) i (t )  4(2  e )mA  i (0)  4(2  1)  4mA.
 i1 (0)  i (0)  i2 (0)  4  (1)  5mA
(b) The equivalent inductance is
Leq  2  4 || 12  2  3  5H
di 10 t 10 t
 v(t )  Leq  5(4)(1)(10)e mV  200e mV
dt
di 10 t 10 t
v1 (t )  2  2(4)(10)e mV  80e mV
dt
10 t
 v2 (t )  v(t )  v1(t )  120e mV
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 67
 Example 6.12
1 t
(c) i  0 v(t ) dt  i (0) 
L
1 t 120 t 10t
i1 (t )  0 v2 dt  i1 (0)   e dt  5 mA
4 4 0
10t t
 3e  5 mA  3e 10t  3  5  8  3e 10t mA
0
1 t 120 t 10t
i2 (t )  0 v2 dt  i2 (0)   e dt  1mA
12 12 0

10 t t
 e  1mA  e 10t  1  1  e 10t mA
0
Note that i1 (t )  i2 (t )  i (t )
Ch06 Capacitors and Inductors 68