Plumbing

fundamenta
ls
PREPARED BY: KIMBERLY D. MARIANO
 plumbing
FUNDAMENTALS
● Building plumbing ● Piping materials
system ● Fittings and valves
● Water: The substance ● Plumbing fixtures
● Water supply ● Codes and
● Water supply system Standards
BUILDING PLUMBING SYSTEM
• TIDBITS FROM PLUMBING
HISTORY
• MODERN PLUMBING SYSTEM

Plumbing
/ˈpləmiNG/
● the system of pipes, tanks,
fittings, and other apparatus
required for the water supply,
heating, and sanitation in a
building.
TIDBITS FROM PLUMBING
HISTORY
● The term plumbing is derived from the Latin word plumbum for lead (Pb).
● The first storm sewers of Rome were built about 2800 years ago.
● In the Far East, archaeologists in China recently uncovered an antique water
closet in the tomb of a king of the Western Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E. to 24
C.E.). It was complete with running water, a stone seat, and a comfortable
armrest.
● The ancient Egyptians invented water wheels with buckets mounted on them
to move water for irrigation.
● Over 2000 years ago, Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, invented a screw
pump made of a screw rotating in a cylinder (now known as an Archimedes
screw).
● The beginnings of modern plumbing began in the early 1800s, when steam
engines became capable of supplying water under pressure and inexpensive
cast iron pipes could be produced to carry it.
 Cloaka Maxima Ancient Water Closet

Water wheels with buckets Archimedes Screw

 MODERN PLUMBING
SYSTEM
In buildings, the plumbing system performs two
primary functions:
Water supply
Water disposal system
system
consists of the piping and
consists of the piping and
fittings that supply hot and cold
fittings required to take that water
water from the building water
supplied to the fixtures out of the
supply to the fixtures, such as
building and into the sewer line or
lavatories, bathtubs, water closets,
disposal field. This system is
dishwashers, clothes washers, and
typically referred to as a sanitary
sinks.
drainage system or drain, waste
and vent (DWV) system.
 WASTER
Water
TREATMENT
Wastewater treatment is also an important
component of waste disposal from building
plumbing systems. Although most buildings rely
upon district or community water treatment plants
to dispose of their sewage, some buildings and
facilities operate their own operations. These are
generally known as septic or on-site sewage
treatment (OSST) systems.
 WAter: the substance
• FUNDAMENTAL UNITS

Water is the name given to the liquid compound

H2O. A molecule of water is composed of one oxygen
atom and two hydrogen atoms. In a pure state, it is
tasteless and odorless.
  Several fundamental units describe
FUNDAMENT the properties and behavior of water
in building plumbing systems.
AL UNITS
Specific weight Specific gravity volume
• Specific weight (w) or • The specific gravity (s.g.) • Volume (V) is the amount
density is weight per unit of a fluid or solid is the of space occupied by a
volume. ratio of the specific weight substance.
of the fluid or solid to the • In plumbing system design,
• A specific weight of 62.4 specific weight of water at volume is commonly
lb/ft3 (1.00 kg/L) is a temperature of 39°F expressed in gallons (g or
commonly used for liquid (4°C), gal).
water in engineering • The specific gravity of
computation. water is assumed to be 1.0
at common plumbing
system temperatures.
 FUNDAMENTAL UNITS
Volumetric flow
velocity pressure
rate
• Volumetric flow rate (Q), • Velocity is the rate of linear • Pressure (P) is the force
frequently called the flow motion of a substance in per unit area exerted by
rate, is the volume of a one direction. liquid or gas on a surface
substance that passes a • The magnitude of velocity, such as the sidewall of a
point in a system per unit known as speed, is usually container or pipe.
of time. expressed in terms of
• Volumetric flow rate (Q) distance covered per unit
may be determined with of time.
volume (V) and time:

Q = V/time
WATER SUPPLY
Prepared by: Jayson Cabug Oli
Instructor: Engr. Emarlson F. Catolico
Section: PCEIT-02-701P
Group 3
 Water Sources
A supply of good water is more
important to human survival than
food.
• Potable is clean water that is
suitable for human drinking. It must
be available for drinking, cooking
and cleaning.
• Non potable water may be used for
flushing water closets, toilets,
irrigating grass, washing cars, etc.
• Rain and snowmelt are the
sources of most of the water
available for our use.
 Surface Water
• Surface water is the rains that
runs off the surface of the ground
into streams, rivers, and lakes.

• Surface water readily provides

much of the water needed by
cities, countries, large industry,
and others.
• Surface water can be collected in
a storage tank called a cistern.
 Groundwater
• Groundwater is water found
below the surface of the earth.
• Groundwater seeps through
the soil and its trapped on
impervious stratum, a layer of
soil or rock that water cannot
pass through.
• Groundwater can be
captured at may layers below
a building site.
 Impurities in water
• All water sources contain some
impurities. It is the type and
amount of these impurities that
affect quality and suitability for
a particular use.
• Characteristic of water sources
will vary greatly. Impurities in
the surface water and
groundwater may be harmful, of
no importance, or even
beneficial to a person’s health.
 Water Testing
• All potable water supplies should
be tested and certified before
being put in use and periodical
recertified during use.

• The test for potable water

provides a chemical analysis of
the water, indicating the parts
per million (PPM) Of each
chemical found in the water.
WATER
SUPPLY
SYSTEM
 •In large metropolitan
areas, most of the
drinking water originates
from a surface source
such as a lake, stream,
river, or reservoir.

•In rural areas, people are

more likely to drink
groundwater that was
pumped from a well.
WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
COMMUNITY SYSTEMS
•Are public or private entities that install and provide a central supply of water to a neighbor-hood, city or special district.
• They are government owned, as in most cities, or privately owned, such as in a rural housing development where the
builder or real estate developer develops the water system.
•The water for these systems may have been obtained from any of the water sources discussed previously .
 PRIVATE
SYSTEMS
•Private systems may also use any of
the water sources discussed.
•Most private water is drawn from
groundwater through wells
•Small private systems, such as
those used for residences, usually
rely on a single source of water to
supply potable water to the system.
 WELL SYSTEM

• A modern well system

consists of a well, a
motor-driven pump, and a
storage tank.
• In most systems, the
pump draws water from
the well where it is stored
in a storage tank.
• A switch activated by
water pressure controls
the pump.

DUG
WELL
•Dug wells are shallow wells,
generally not more than 25
ft (7.6 m) deep, and typically
3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m) in
diameter.
•They are typically made by
excavation with a backhoe or
excavator but can be hand
shoveled, as this was the
method typically used for
hundreds of years.
DRIVEN WELLS
•Driven wells, also referred
to as sand point wells consist
of lengths of 11⁄4 to 2 in (32 to
50 mm) diameter pipe that
is driven into the ground. In
driving this type of well, a
sharp wellpoint and drive
cap are attached to a pipe.
DRILLED/BORE
D WELL
•Drilling or boring methods
are used for deep wells. A
well-drilling rig is used to
create the well hole.
•Drilled wells have the holes
formed by using rotary bits.
Bored wells have the holes
formed by using an auger
and covered with a casing.
WELL PUMPS

• Pumps are used to bring well water to the

surface.
• Well pumps are referred to as shallow well
and deep well, depending on the type and
depth of well.
• Pumping level, expressed in feet or meters, is
the vertical distance between the pump and
the lowest water level, taking into account
level draw down by pumping and lower levels
during dry seasons.
 TYPES OF WELL PUMPS
WELL JET PUMPS
• The well jet pump combines centrifugal
and ejection pumping.
• In addition to a motor, impeller, and
diffuser, the jet pump includes a jet
(ejector) assembly that consists of a
nozzle and venturi tube.
SUBMERSIBLE WELL PUMPS
• Submersible well pumps are centrifugal
pumps designed to operate submersed in
water near the bottom end of the well
shaft. It is typically used in wells with a
pumping level of at least 75 ft (23 m)
deep.
PIPING MATERIALS
Prepared by: Dulay, Joshua B.
Instructor: Engr. Emarl Catolico
PIPE
• Pipe is a round, hollow
channel used to transport
liquids such as water or
solid–liquid mixtures such
as wastewater from one
point to the next.
 Water pipe generally falls into one of two categories:

PRESSURE PIPE DRAIN, WASTE AND VENT (DWV) PIPE

• delivers supply water. • carries waste and soil water away.

• This pipe tends to be of a smaller
diameter, and it must be made of
material that will not react with the
chemicals or minerals in the water.
• DWV pipe is generally larger in size than
pressure pipe to allow for free gravity
flow, and it must not react to common
chemicals that might be poured down a
drain.

Both categories are sold in metal and plastic; however, metal

(copper in plumbing systems) dominates the pressure category. Plastic
and cast iron are the most common piping material for DWV.
 PIPING MATERIALS
Copper Pipe and Tubing
• It is also used in water space
heating (hydronic) systems,
air conditioning and
refrigeration systems,
sanitary drainage, and
natural gas and liquid
petroleum gas piping
Brass Pipe
• The pipe is threaded for
fitting connections, but this
requires thicker walls to
accommodate the threading,
making installation and
handling more difficult than
for copper.
Steel and Iron Pipe
• Steel pipe is typically cut and
threaded to fit the job.
Fittings for this type of pipe
are of malleable (soft) cast
iron.
 PIPING MATERIALS
Thermoplastic Pipe
• is a flexible pipe material
• Thermoplastic pipe, sometimes
referred to simply as plastic
pipe, is used for water supply
systems because its economy
and ease of installation make it
popular.
Composite Pipe
that is constructed of an
aluminum tube laminated
between two layers of
polyethylene
thermoplastic.
Concrete Pipe
• Concrete pipe is cast from
concrete. These pipes are
traditionally used for sewage,
industrial waste, storm water,
and drain field applications.
Concrete pipe is also used as
large water supply pipe.
FITTINGS AND
VALVES
Chapter III – Plumbing Fundamentals

Prepared by: Sta. Ana, Karl Michael

Dulay, Joshua
Malicdem, Mc Glenn
Manera, Jonathan
Mariano, Kimberly
Mendizabal, Ben Mark
Oli, Jayson
FITTINGS
▪ is used in pipe systems to connect straight sections of pipe or tube,
adapt to varied sizes or forms, and regulate (or measure) fluid flow,
among other purposes. (Wikipedia)
▪ A variety of fittings must be used to connect pipe lengths and make all
the pipe turns, branch lines, couplings that join the straight runs, and
stops at the end of the runs.
 ELBOWS
▪ Angular fittings, which commonly have 45°
and 90° angles, are used to change the
direction of a supply pipe.
▪ Street Elbow - One end of the pipe fitting
has male threads and the other end has
female threads
TEES
▪ used in a supply system when a line must
branch off at a straight run. (a)
▪ Reducing Tee allows varied sizes of pipes to be
joined together in a supply system. (b)
▪ Sanitary T (c) and Y (d) are tee-like fittings used
in sanitary drainage system that make a more
gradual turn to prevent blockage.
 COUPLINGS ADAPTERS
▪ Used to connect straight runs of pipe. (a) ▪ Used to change the end of a non-threaded pipe
different types to male or female threads as needed.
Commonly used in copper and plastic plumbing
▪ Union coupling connect straight runs of pipe jobs.
and allows the pipes to be easily disconnected
for future piping revisions. (b)
▪ Reducer and Increaser coupling are used to
decrease and increase, respectively, the
diameter of the pipe in a supply system. (c)
JOINING PIPES AND FITTINGS
▪ Pipes and Fittings can be joined mechanically through various
techniques:
▪ Popular mechanical joining techniques:
 Threaded joints
 Insert Fittings
 Hub and Spigot
 Flared joints
▪ Compression fitting
▪ Soldering, brazing, and welding
THREADED JOINTS INSERT FITTINGS HUB AND SPIGOT
▪ Threaded joints represent ▪ Plastic barbed insert ▪ The end connection of a
the oldest method of fittings - are designed to fitting that is to be
joining piping systems. fit polyethylene irrigation assembled into another
tubing, or potable water fitting is called the
▪ Threaded Fittings are tubing, tightly or secured. “Spigot.” The spigot end
mainly used for small pipe of a fitting has the same
diameters. outside diameter as pipe.
The common female
connection of PVC fittings
is referred to as the socket
or hub, and the spigot end
of a fitting can be inserted
into a Hub or Socket.
 FLARED JOINTS
▪ A flare fitting has a tapered end
that fits into a flared piece of
tubing and is secured in place
with a sleeve and flare fitting
(threaded nut) to produce a
pressure-resistant, leak-tight
seal.
COMPRESSION FITTING
▪ A compression fitting is a type of
coupling used to connect two pipes
or a pipe to a fixture or valve. It
consists of three parts: the
compression nut; the compression
ring; and the compression seat.
 SOLDERING BRAZING
▪ Soldering - used to join ▪ process for joining two
together two separate pieces of metal that
metals using another involves the application of
metal (or metal alloy) heat and the addition of a
with a low melting point. filler metal.
▪ Brazed joints are usually
stronger than soldered
joints.
WELDING
▪ most effective ways of joining
two or more metals that share
similar qualities.
▪ Unlike soldering or brazing,
welding involves a partial
melting of the surfaces of the
metals to be joined.
▪ Offers the greatest physical
strength.
VALVES
▪ used to control flow of
the water throughout
the system.
▪ Valves generally fall into
four categories: gate;
globe; check; and angle.
 GATE VALVES
▪ a manual valve that has a
wedge-shaped leaf that,
when closed, seals tightly
against two metal seats
that are set at slight angles.
GLOBE VALVES
▪ a manual, compression-type
valve, commonly used where
there is occasional or
periodic use, such as
lavatories (faucets) and hose
connections (called hose
bibbs).
ANGLE VALVES
▪ a manual valve similar in
operation to the globe
valve, utilizing the same
principle of compressing
a washer against a metal
seat to cut the flow of
water.
 ▪ opens to allow the flow of water in the direction desired
CHECK VALVES and prevents flow in the other direction. Two types of
check valves:

SWING VALVES SPRING VALVES

▪ In the swing check valve design, the
pressure of the water forces the valve gate
to swing open, but once the flow stops,
gravity causes the gate to fall closed,
preventing a reversal of the flow.
▪ the gate in a spring check valve is spring
loaded. Water pressure forces the gate
open much like the swing type, but when
the flow stops, a spring (not gravity) forces
the gate closed.
 BALL VALVES
▪ a manual valve that has a
ball with a hole through it
that is mounted between
two seats. When the ball
hole is in line with the
valve openings, full flow of
water occurs.
METERED VALVES FLOW CONTROL
▪ Designed to automatically VALVES
discharge for a specific ▪ automatically adjusts the
length of time and thus rate of water flow to a
deliver a fixed quantity of predetermined flow rate
water before closing off as pressure in the system
flow. varies.
TEMPERING VALVES TEMPERATURE- PRESSURE-
PRESSURE RELIEF REDUCING VALVES
▪ frequently called as
tempering valve or mixing VALVES ▪ an adjustable valve designed to
valve, is an automatic valve ▪ a safety valve designed to reduce pressure to a specific
thermostatically blends hot limit pressure of a liquid setting.
and cold water to desired vapor or gas. ▪ Commonly used in building
temperatures and to plumbing systems where street
prevent scalding. water pressure is excessive and
needs to be reduced before
being sent to plumbing fixtures.
HOSE BIBBS
▪ sometimes called a sill cock, is a valve
designed to accept the threaded
connection of a hose. (a)
▪ Freeze less hose bibb has a long body
that when placed in an exterior wall,
cuts off the water supply near the
interior wall surface. (b)
▪ Secured hose bibbs require a specially
designed knob to open the valve, which
prevents use by the general public. (c)
FLUSHOMETER
▪ is a valve-like device designed to
▪ Modern urinals and water
supply a fixed quantity of water
for flushing toilets and urinals.
▪ When operated, it automatically
shuts off after a measured
amount of water flow in order
to conserve water.
SENSOR-OPERATED
VALVES
closets (toilets) use a sensor-
operated valve that
automatically flushes the fixture
when a user departs. The unit
uses an infrared proximity
sensor to detect a use
approaching the fixture, then
waits until the user departs.
P LUMBING
FIXTURE
A plumbing fixture is an approved receptacle,
device, or appliance that uses water and
discharges wastewater

Plumbing fixtures are classified according to

their use. Groups of two or more like fixtures
that are served by a common drainage branch
are known as a group of fixtures.
T YPES OF
PLUMBING
WATER CLOSET
A water closet is a plumbing fixture
that serves as an indoor receptacle
and removal system for human waste.
Although this fixture is commonly
called a toilet or commode, the
FIXTURE building code specifically refers to it
as a water closet.

A flush tank water closet has a water tank as part

of the fixture. As the handle or button on a water
closet is pushed, it lifts the valve in the tank,
releasing the water to flush out the bowl. Then,
when the handle is released, the valve drops and
the tank fills through a tube attached to the
bottom of the tank
T YPES OF
PLUMBING
URINALS
Urinals are plumbing fixtures
that are commonly used in
public restrooms where it is

FIXTURE desirable to reduce possible

contamination of the water
closet seats.
A waterless urinal is a urinal that is
specifically engineered to eliminate potable
water consumption for urinal flushing. It
looks very much like a conventional urinal
except the flush valve and piping that is
normally positioned above the fixture is
omitted.
T YPES OF
PLUMBING
BIDETS
Bidets are personal hygiene plumbing
fixtures used for genital and perineal
cleanliness. It is typically used after
using the water closet. Equipped with

FIXTURE valves for hot and cold water, the

inside walls of the bowl are washed
the same way as a standard toilet
BATHTUBS
Bathtubs are plumbing fixtures used for bathing.
They are available in enameled iron, cast iron, or
fiberglass. Tubs are available in a variety of sizes,
the most common being 30 or 32 in (760 or 810 mm)
wide; 12, 14, or 16 in (300, 350 or 400 mm) high;
and 4 to 6 ft (1.2 to 1.8 m) long.
T YPES OF
PLUMBING
SHOWER
A showerhead is an overhead
nozzle that sprays water down on
the bather. Shower fittings may be
placed over bathtubs instead of
FIXTURE having a separate shower space;
this is commonly done in
LAVATORIES residences,
motels.
apartments, and

A lavatory is a bathroom basin or sink used

for personal hygiene. Lavatories are generally
available in vitreous china or enameled iron,
or they may be cast in plastic or a plastic
compound with the basin an integral part of
the countertop.
T YPES OF
PLUMBING
SINK
Kitchen sinks are most commonly
made of enameled cast iron or
stainless steel. Sinks are usually
available in a single- or a double-

FIXTURE
bowl arrangement; some even have
a third bowl, which is much smaller.
A waste disposal is typically
LAUNDRY TUBS AND connected to one of the sink drains.
TRAY
Laundry tubs, sometimes called trays, are a
large deep sink used in laundry rooms. They
are usually available in a single- or a
double-bowl arrangement. Laundry tubs
are typically floor or wall-mounted units
available in low-cost plastic, enameled iron,
or stainless steel.
T
DRINKING FOUNTAIN AND
WATER COOLER
YPES OF Drinking fountains offer users a limitless
supply of drinking water at any location
PLUMBING where water and sanitary drainage are
readily available. Water coolers can deliver
FIXTURE 8 gal/hr (30 L/hr) or more of chilled
drinking water. They require connections to
power, water, and drainage.
OTHER FIXTURES

Drinking fountains and water coolers are available in wall-

mounted and floor units. Drinking fountains and water coolers
should not be installed in public restrooms.

Emergency fixtures include eye-face washes, drench showers,

decontamination units, portables, and accessories designed for
use wherever hazardous substances are present. Other types of
fixtures include baptisteries, ornamental ponds, fountains, and
aquariums.
CODES AND STANDARDS

STANDARDS

A standard is a set of specifications written by a professional

organization or group of professionals that seek to standardize
materials, components, equipment, or methods of
construction or operation.
 CODES AND STANDARDS

In Plumbing Industry, here are some organization that set specifications and
governs the design and techniques for construction of buildings and building
system.

American Gas Association, Inc. (AGA)

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
American Society for Testing of Materials (ASTM)
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
American Society of Sanitary Engineering, Inc. (ASSE)
American Water Works Association (AWWA)
Canadian Gas Association, Inc. (CGA)
International Standard Organization (ISO)
Mechanical Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry, Inc.
(MSS)
National Sanitation Foundation, Inc. (NSF)
Underwriter’s Laboratory, Inc. (UL)
 Construction Drawings
CODES AND STANDARDS A complete set of construction drawings and specifications of
the building plumbing system is needed to convey design
information to the contractor. Plumbing construction
drawings show the layout and design of a plumbing
Building Codes installation.

Often refers to the minimum

requirements for design,
construction, use, renovation,
alteration, and demolition of a
building and its systems.

Model Building Code

A model building code is a

collection of standards and
specifications written and compiled
by group of professionals and made
available for adoption by state and
local jurisdictions.
CODES AND STANDARDS
• Administration of the Codes
Where codes are in force, there will be
a building department or department of
building within the local governmental
entity (e.g., city, county, and so forth).
The governmental building department
issues permits for the construction,
addition, alteration, repair, occupancy,
use, and maintenance of all buildings,
structures, or utilities within its
jurisdiction.
A building inspector is a representative
of a governmental entity who performs
the local administration and
enforcement of the codes.
Plumbing inspections are mandatory on
the local level in those municipalities
that have implemented inspection
requirements in their plumbing code.
Although it varies by local jurisdiction, the typical
residential or commercial code-compliance inspections
occur in three phases.
1. Underground Inspection - The inspector reviews the
sewer and water services coming from the city mains
to the property. The inspector verifies that acceptable
materials were used in the construction of the water
and sewer services.
2. Rough-In Inspection - This is an inspection of the
interior drainage, waste vent, and water supply piping.
Verification of the adequacy of the plumbing materials
used in the project is made, including an examination
of the sizing of water, waste, and vent piping, the grade
of drainage piping, and the quality of connections
between pipe and fittings.
3. Final Inspection - This is the inspection of the final
setting of fixtures (bathtub, water closet, lavatory,
kitchen sink, and so on.). The inspector looks for
proper fixture setting and alignment, proper caulking
around fixtures, acceptable shower valves, and so
forth.
PREPARED BY:
MALICDEM, MCGLENN T.