Cloud Computing

Section-1

Prepared by
Manish Kumar Aery.
IET Bhaddal Technical Campus, Ropar
INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPTING
The term cloud computing is a technology that uses the internet and central remote server
maintained data and application. Cloud Computing includes data, application and storage and
also provides these three basic services i.e. Software as a service, platform as a service and
infrastructure as a service. In software as a service model, companies provide software services
to different customers by virtualized environment. In platform as a service, companies provide
different software development environment to the user in which they can develop their
applications by using the company’s platform. In infrastructure as a service, the user of the
cloud uses the physical infrastructure of the cloud providers such as servers, hard disks etc. The
main advantage of cloud computing is that the customer pays for what they are using.
What is Cloud?
The term Cloud refers to a Network or Internet. In other words, we can say that Cloud is
something, which is present at remote location. Cloud can provide services over public and
private networks, i.e., WAN, LAN or VPN. Applications such as e-mail, web conferencing,
customer relationship management (CRM) execute on cloud.
What is Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing refers to manipulating, configuring, and accessing the hardware and software
resources remotely. It offers online data storage, infrastructure, and application.
From a user's point of view, a good cloud computing definition is using Web applications
and/or server services that you pay to access rather than software or hardware that you buy and
install.
The Definition
The NIST definition of cloud computing is: Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient,
on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with
minimal management effort or service provider interaction. In our opinion this definition covers
the field of cloud computing.
 Characteristics
Cloud computing has a variety of characteristics, with the main ones being:
 Shared Infrastructure- Uses a virtualized software model, enabling the sharing of physical services, storage, and
networking capabilities . The cloud infrastructure, regardless of deployment model, seeks to make the most of the
available infrastructure across a number of users .
 Dynamic Provisioning-Allows for the provision of services based on current demand requirements . This is done
automatically using software automation, enabling the expansion and contraction of service capability, as needed .
This dynamic scaling needs to be done while maintaining high levels of reliability and security .
 Network Access-Needs to be accessed across the internet from a broad range of devices such as PCs, laptops, and
mobile devices, using standards-based APIs (for example, ones based on HTTP) . Deployments of services in the
cloud include everything from using business applications to the latest application on the newest smart phones .
 Managed Metering-Uses metering for managing and optimizing the service and to provide reporting and billing
information . In this way, consumers are billed for services according to how much they have actually used during
the billing period .
 On Demand Self Service-Cloud Computing allows the users to use web services and resources on demand. One
can logon to a website at any time and use them.
 Broad Network Access-Since cloud computing is completely web based, it can be accessed from anywhere and at
any time.
 Resource Pooling-Cloud computing allows multiple tenants to share a pool of resources. One can share single
physical instance of hardware, database and basic infrastructure.
 Rapid Elasticity-It is very easy to scale the resources vertically or horizontally at any time. Scaling of resources
means the ability of resources to deal with increasing or decreasing demand. The resources being used by customers
at any given point of time are automatically monitored.
 Measured Service-In this service cloud provider controls and monitors all the aspects of cloud service. Resource
optimization, billing, and capacity planning etc. depend on it.
 Benefits
 Cloud Computing has numerous advantages. Some of them are listed below
-
 One can access applications as utilities, over the Internet.
 One can manipulate and configure the applications online at any time.
 It does not require to install a software to access or manipulate cloud
application.
 Cloud Computing offers online development and deployment tools,
programming runtime environment through PaaS model.
 Cloud resources are available over the network in a manner that provide
platform independent access to any type of clients.
 Cloud Computing offers on-demand self-service. The resources can be used
without interaction with cloud service provider.
 Cloud Computing is highly cost effective because it operates at high
efficiency with optimum utilization. It just requires an Internet connection
 Cloud Computing offers load balancing that makes it more reliable.
 Challenges
1. Security and Privacy-The main challenge to cloud computing is how it addresses the security and
privacy concerns of businesses thinking of adopting it. The fact that the valuable enterprise data will
reside outside the corporate firewall raises serious concerns. Hacking and various attacks to cloud
infrastructure would affect multiple clients even if only one site is attacked. These risks can be mitigated
by using security applications, encrypted file systems, data loss software, and buying security hardware to
track unusual behavior across servers. It is difficult to assess the costs involved due to the on-demand
nature of the services. Budgeting and assessment of the cost will be very difficult unless the provider has
some good and comparable benchmarks to offer. The service-level agreements (SLAs) of the provider are
not adequate to guarantee the availability and scalability. Businesses will be reluctant to switch to cloud
without a strong service quality guarantee.
3. Interoperability and Portability-Businesses should have the leverage of migrating in and out of the
cloud and switching providers whenever they want, and there should be no lock-in period. Cloud
computing services should have the capability to integrate smoothly with the on-premise IT.
4. Reliability and Availability-Cloud providers still lack round-the-clock service; this results in frequent
outages. It is important to monitor the service being provided using internal or third-party tools. It is vital
to have plans to supervise usage, SLAs, performance, robustness, and business dependency of these
services.
5. Performance and Bandwidth Cost-Businesses can save money on hardware but they have to spend
more for the bandwidth. This can be a low cost for smaller applications but can be significantly high for
the data-intensive applications. Delivering intensive and complex data over the network requires
sufficient bandwidth. Because of this, many businesses are waiting for a reduced cost before switching to
the cloud.
.
Why use clouds?
1. Flexibility-Cloud-based services are ideal for businesses with growing or fluctuating
bandwidth demands. If your needs increase it’s easy to scale up your cloud capacity, drawing
on the service’s remote servers. Likewise, if you need to scale down again, the flexibility is
baked into the service.
2. Disaster recovery-Businesses of all sizes should be investing in robust disaster recovery,
but for smaller businesses that lack the required cash and expertise, this is often more an
ideal than the reality. Cloud is now helping more organisations buck that trend, small
businesses are twice as likely as larger companies to have implemented cloud-based backup
and recovery solutions that save time, avoid large up-front investment and roll up third-party
expertise as part of the deal.
3. Automatic software updates-The beauty of cloud computing is that the servers are off-
premise, out of sight and out of your hair. Suppliers take care of them for you and roll out
regular software updates – including security updates – so you don’t have to worry about
wasting time maintaining the system yourself.
4. Capital-expenditure Free-Cloud computing cuts out the high cost of hardware. You simply
pay as you go and enjoy a subscription-based model that’s kind to your cash flow.
5. Increased collaboration-When your teams can access, edit and share documents anytime,
from anywhere, they’re able to do more together, and do it better. Cloud-based workflow and
file sharing apps help them make updates in real time and gives them full visibility of their
collaborations.
6. Work from anywhere-With cloud computing, if you’ve got an internet connection you
can be at work. And with most serious cloud services offering mobile apps, you’re not
restricted by which device you’ve got to hand.
7. Document control-The more employees and partners collaborate on documents, the
greater the need for watertight document control. Before the cloud, workers had to send
files back and forth as email attachments to be worked on by one user at a time. Sooner
or later – usually sooner – you end up with a mess of conflicting file content, formats and
titles.When you make the move to cloud computing, all files are stored centrally and
everyone sees one version of the truth. Greater visibility means improved collaboration,
which ultimately means better work and a healthier bottom line
8. Security-Lost laptops are a billion dollar business problem. And potentially greater than
the loss of an expensive piece of kit is the loss of the sensitive data inside it. Cloud
computing gives you greater security when this happens. Because your data is stored in
the cloud, you can access it no matter what happens to your machine.
9. Competitiveness-Wish there was a simple step you could take to become more
competitive? Moving to the cloud gives access to enterprise-class technology, for
everyone. It also allows smaller businesses to act faster than big, established competitors.
10. Environmentally friendly-While the above points spell out the benefits of cloud
computing for your business, moving to the cloud isn’t an entirely selfish act. The
environment gets a little love too. When your cloud needs fluctuate, your server capacity
scales up and down to fit
 Driving Factors Behind Cloud Computing Adoption

1.Improved IT Agility-As recently as a few years ago, it took far too long for many IT departments to
respond to increasing demand for computing capacity. Too much paperwork, too many approvals, and a
reliance on hard-to-deploy physical servers meant that IT was often slow to respond to variable
organizational needs. Virtualization helped that situation immensely, and the arrival of cloud computing
gives IT organizations even more of an ability to easily (and cost-effectively) expand and reduce
computing resources to meet fluctuating demands.
2.Cost Savings and ROI-Cloud computing isn’t a panacea, but there are clear-cut cases where moving
part of your IT infrastructure to the cloud makes solid operational and financial sense.
3.Private Cloud vs. Public Cloud-The concept of the private cloud has gathered steam over the past.
Public cloud computing services generally rely on having your data on someone else’s infrastructure.
That can be a non-starter for many IT administrators, especially if your organization operates under
tricky auditing, compliance, or data location requirements. That’s where the private cloud steps in:
Leveraging virtualization and commodity hardware, the private cloud can provide some of the elastic
benefits of public cloud computing without some of the inherent risks that public cloud computing still
needs to address.
4.Cloud-Savvy IT Staff-A new breed of IT professionals is stepping into leadership positions in many
organizations. Some fear that cloud computing could mean the end of their careers, but savvy IT pros
realize that someone in the organization has to take the lead in selecting what IT platforms and services
are moved to the cloud while simultaneously educating management and the rest of the organization
why other elements aren’t good candidates for cloud computing treatment. Many organizations are
eagerly recruiting skilled IT professionals who not only have a grasp of the technical aspects of in-
house IT, but can also champion and facilitate the adoption of cloud computing products and services
 Comparison B/W Cloud, Grid & Cluster
S.NO Cluster Computing
1 Characteristics of Cluster computing
1:Tightly coupled systems
2: Single system image
3: Centralized Job management &
scheduling system
2 In cluster computing, a bunch of similar
(or identical) computers are hooked up
locally (in the same physical location,
directly connected with very high speed
connections) to operate as a single
computer
3 The cluster computers all
have the same hardware and
OS.
4 The whole system (all nodes) behaves like
a single system view and resources are
managed by centralized resource manager.
5 The computers in the cluster
are normally contained in a
single location or complex.
6 More than 2 computers are
connected to solve a problem
Grid Computing
Characteristics of Grid Computing
1: Loosely coupled(Decentralization)
2: Diversity and Dynamism
3: Distributed Job Management &
scheduling
In grid computing, the computers do not
have to be in the same physical location
and can be operated independently. As far
as other computers are concerned each
computer on the grid is a distinct computer.
The computers that are part of a grid can
run different operating systems and have
different hardware
Every node is autonomous i.e. it has its
own resource manager and behaves like an
independent entity
Grid are inherently distributed by its nature
over a LAN, metropolitan or WAN
A large project is divided among multiple
computers to make use of their resources.
Cloud Computing
Characteristic of cloud computing
1: Dynamic computing infrastructure
2: IT service-centric approach
3: Self-service based usage model
4: Minimally or self-managed platform
In cloud computing, the computers need
not to be in the same physical location.
The memory, storage device and
network communication are managed
by the operating system of the basic
physical cloud units. Open source
software such as LINUX can support
the basic physical unit management and
virtualization computing.
Every node acts as an independent
entity
Clouds are mainly distributed over
MAN
It does just the opposite. It allows
multiple smaller applications to run at
the same time.
S.NO Cluster Computing
7 Areas of cluster computing
1. Educational resources
2.Commercial sectors for industrial
promotion
3.Medical research
8 Size or scalability is 100s
9 Single Ownership
10 User management is centralized
Grid Computing Cloud Computing
Areas of Grid Computing Areas of cloud Computing
1.Predictive Modeling and Simulations 1.Banking
2.Engineering Design and Automation 2.Insurance
3.Energy Resources Exploration 3.Weather Forecasting
4.Medical, Military and Basic Research 4.Space Exploration
5.Visualization 5.Software as a service
6.PaaS
7.Infrastructure- as -a-Service
Size or scalability is 100s Size or scalability is 100s to
1000s
Multiple Ownership Single Ownership
User management is decentralized and User management is
also virtual organization (VO)-based centralized or can be delegated
to third party
S.No Utility Computing Cloud Computing

1 Utility computing refers to the ability
to charge the offered services, and
charge customers for exact usage
Cloud Computing also works like utility
computing, you pay only for what you use
but Cloud Computing might be cheaper, as
such, Cloud based app can be up and running
in days or weeks.

2 •Utility computing users want to be in •In cloud computing, provider is in complete

control of the geographical location of control of cloud computing services and
the infrastructure infrastructure

3 •Utility computing is more favorable •Cloud computing is great and easy to use
when performance and selection when the selection infrastructure and
infrastructure is critical performance is not critical

4 •Utility computing is a good choice •Cloud computing is a good choice for high
for less resource demanding resource demanding

5 •Utility computing refers to a business •Cloud computing refers to the underlying IT

model architecture
BIG DATA
 Big data means really a big data, it is a collection of large datasets that cannot
be processed using traditional computing techniques.
 Big data involves the data produced by different devices and applications.
Given below are some of the fields that come under the umbrella of Big Data.
1. Black Box Data : It is a component of helicopter, airplanes, and jets, etc. It
captures voices of the flight crew, recordings of microphones and earphones,
and the performance information of the aircraft.
2. Social Media Data : Social media such as Facebook and Twitter hold
information and the views posted by millions of people across the globe.
3. Stock Exchange Data : The stock exchange data holds information about the
‘buy’ and ‘sell’ decisions made on a share of different companies made by the
customers.
4. Power Grid Data : The power grid data holds information consumed by a
particular node with respect to a base station.
5. Transport Data : Transport data includes model, capacity, distance and
availability of a vehicle.
6. Search Engine Data : Search engines retrieve lots of data from different
databases.
 Thus Big Data includes huge volume, high velocity, and extensible variety of data. The data in it will
be of three types.
1. Structured data : Relational data.
2. Semi Structured data : XML data.
3. Unstructured data : Word, PDF, Text, Media Logs.
 Benefits of Big Data
 Big data is really critical to our life and its emerging as one of the most
important technologies in modern world. Follow are just few benefits which
are very much known to all of us:
1. Using the information kept in the social network like Facebook, the
marketing agencies are learning about the response for their campaigns,
promotions, and other advertising mediums.
2. Using the information in the social media like preferences and product
perception of their consumers, product companies and retail organizations
are planning their production.
3. Using the data regarding the previous medical history of patients, hospitals
are providing better and quick service.
 IT as a Service (ITaaS)
IT as a Service (ITaaS) is a technology-delivery method that treats IT
(information technology) as a commodity, providing an enterprise with
exactly the amount of hardware, software, and support that it needs for an
agreed-on monthly fee. In this context, IT encompasses all of the
technologies for creating, storing, exchanging, and using business data.
According to its proponents, ITaaS has numerous and diverse benefits
including:
1. Minimal upfront IT investment
2. Regular, predictable expenses
3. Financial transparency
4. Tax advantages
5. Continuous monitoring of services
6. Expert technical support
7. Scalability
8. Regular software upgrades and patches
9. Guarantee of up-to-date hardware