Thermodynamics-I (ME 231)

Fall 2021

Lecture 2+3
Chapter 1: Introduction

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Abbas

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Previous Lecture
• Introduction to course and course outlines
• CLO’s PLO’s and grading criterion
• Applications of thermodynamics
• Dimensions and units
• System, surrounding, boundary of a system
• Types of systems (Close system, Open system, Isolated System)

Today’s Lecture
• Properties of a system (Intensive and extensive properties)
• Specific properties (Specific volume, Specific gravity, specific energy)
• State of a system and equilibrium state
• Process, Process diagrams, steady flow process
• Temperature and zeroth law of thermodynamics.

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Properties of a System
Any characteristics of a system is called its property.
For example, mass, volume, temperature, pressure.

Properties of
System

Intensive Properties Extensive Properties

(Independent of mass) (Depends on mass)

Pressure, Temperature mass, volume, momentum

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Distinguishing b/w Intensive and Extensive properties

Specific Properties
• Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties.
• Some examples of specific properties are specific volume (v = V/m) and specific
total energy (e = E/m).

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 Specific Volume
• Extensive properties are made intensive by dividing
them with mass. For example,
  𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 ( 𝑣)= =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚

  𝑚 1
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝜌 )= =
𝑉 𝑣

  𝜌
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 ( 𝑆𝐺 ) =
𝜌𝐻 2 𝑂

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐
  𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡 ( 𝛾 𝑠 )= 𝜌 𝑔

Q: Why CNG is filled in kilograms and not in liters or

cubic meters?
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 State
• The condition of a system described
by its properties is called state of the
system.

• A state can be specified by providing

the property numerical values.

• At a given state, all the properties of

system have a fixed value.

• If one of the property is changed, the

state changes.
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 State Postulate
• How many properties are required to describe a
state?

Example
• Two independent, intensive properties
are required to describe the state of a
simple compressible system.

Simple system: No electrical, magnetic, gravitational, motion,

and surface tension effects.
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 Equilibrium state
• If there is no unbalanced potentials (i.e. driving force)
in a system, the state of the system is in equilibrium.

• Thermal equilibrium

• Mechanical equilibrium

• Phase equilibrium

• Chemical equilibrium

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 Process
• Any change that a system undergoes from one
equilibrium state to another is called, process.

• The series of states that a system passes during a

process is known as path of the process.

A complete process is defined by the initial and final states, path

followed and interaction with surroundings.
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 Quasi-Equilibrium Process
When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system
remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it
is called a quasi-static, or quasi-equilibrium, process.

• A quasi-equilibrium process is an idealized process and is not

a true representation of an actual process.

• They are approximated because, easy in analyzing and

maximum work is obtained from work producing devices.
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 Process Diagram
Process diagrams plotted by employing thermodynamic properties
as coordinates.
These are very useful in visualizing the processes.
Some common properties used are;
• Temperature T
• Pressure P
• Volume V (or specific volume v).
The prefix iso- is often used if a
particular property remains constant.
isothermal process (T=Constant)
isobaric process (P=Constant)
isochoric (isometric) process (v=Constant)
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Flow Variables
 Pressure

Velocity

Temperature

Density

All flow variables are functions of space (x, y, z) & time (t).

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 Steady flow process
• A process during which the fluid
properties do not change with
time is known as a steady flow
process.

• The devices running for longer

period of time are assumed to
have steady flow processes. For
example, turbine, compressor,
boilers, condensers, heat
exchangers etc.

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 Steady flow process (2)
• The fluid properties can change from point to point
within the control volume, but at any fixed point they
remain the same during the entire process.

If the fluid properties do not change with location, the

process is known as uniform flow process.

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Temperature and Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• The degree of hotness and coldness of a body is
known as temperature.

If two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with a third body, they

are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

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