WRITING THE THESIS OR

ANY RESEARCH
 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
AND STUDIES
 Related Literature
 Related Studies

A. Foreign
B. Local
 Conceptual Framework
Related literature
 The research literature consists of the
articles, and books written by
previous authorities giving theories,
ideas, opinions and experiences of
what is good and bad, the
desirable and undesirable within
the research problem
 Example
Related Literature
Academic Achievement
Academic achievement is assumed to indicate
abilities that will allow the individual to progress
and succeed in modern society, while at the same
time allowing society to select those who will be
able to contribute most to society in terms of social
and economic leadership (Microsoft ® Encarta ®
Premium Suite 2005. © 1993-2004).
Personality
Learners at all levels differ in their personality.
Personality is commonly assessed through
personality tests and observations.
 Related Studies
 Related studies refer to published
reports on researches, and
unpublished manuscripts such as
theses or dissertations of actual
research studies done previously
on the topic.
Example
Related Studies
Sue (1995) studied the association between
personality adjustment and academic performance.
He found significant correlation at .05 levels between
general scholastic average and the factors of social
relations’ conformity and adjustment to reality. Based
on statistical findings, she concluded that five of the
hypothesized non-intellective factors might be
tentatively considered promising predictive factors in
academic achievement.
Sue’s study supports the contention of the present
study that personality or its related factors relate to the
academic performance of students.
Function of the Chapter 2
The related literature and studies
would act as benchmark to formulate the
theoretical scheme of the intended
research paper. The theoretical
framework shall be the tentative
explanation of the phenomenon, which
the research is to investigate.
Guides to the making of the
Review
 A. Researchers don’t work in a vacuum.
1. Related research is a result of previous work on
a topic.
2. Knowing what others have done and found help
to avoid “reinventing the wheel.”
 B. Even those who don’t conduct research per se
often need to know what the findings from relevant
researches.
C. Regardless of the communication topic of interest,
it’s likely that there is some relevant research that
has been conducted in the past.
D. Reviewing previous research is bound to shape a
new study in a number of ways:
 To provide support for, or shape, the formal
research question or hypothesis posed.
 To gathering ideas for the design of own study.
 To Provide the foundation on which researchers
build.
 To find out what has already been done and
learned about the topic(s) of interest.
Conceptual Framework
 Conceptual framework consists of the
researcher’s own position on the problem
after the thorough scrutiny of various
theories related to the problem undertaken
Conceptual Framework
 Consists of the Paradigm of the Study and
the explanation of the concepts that were
used in the study.
 It explains how the variables are expected
to work in the study.
Example
This study is based on the concept that
academic achievement of students may relate to
some variables such as the personality factor,
socio-economic status, and college aptitude. It is
believed that there is as a relationship between
the said variables singly or in combination.
Factors within each variable will be related also
to the academic performance to make the
results more worthwhile to guidance and
counseling.
Personality Factors

Academic
SES Performance

College Aptitude

Feedbacks for Guidance and Counseling

Figure 1. Paradigm of the study

CHAPTER 1- The Problem; Its
Background
 Introduction
 Statement of the Problem/Objectives
 Hypotheses
 Significance of the Study
 Scope and Delimitation of the Problem
 Definition of Terms
Good objectives of the study have an
acronym of S-M-A-R-T-E-R:
 They should be stated in simple language;
 They use measurable concepts;
 They are attainable;
 They are result-oriented;
 They are time-bounded;
 They generate enthusiasm;
 They make use of the local resources.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM