Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

Thursday, August 19, 2021

8:00 - 9:00 AM

Introduction to Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

What is Research?
- Is a study on investigation which is done systematically, empirically, scientifically, and logically for the purpose of achieving knowledge
and helping solve situational problems.
 
What is Immersion?
- Instruction based on extensive exposure to surroundings or conditions that are native or pertinent to the object of study.
 
To observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry.
 
What is Investigations?
- The action of investigating something or someone; formal or systematic examination or research.
 
A seeking or request for truth, information, or knowledge.
 
What is Inquiries?
- An act of asking for information.
 
Objectives:
 differentiate inquiries, investigations, and immersion
 explain the relevance of the course
 
 

Characteristics of a Research Process

 Systematic
 Empirical
 Scientific
  Logical
 
SYSTEMATIC
- Well defined designs, an orderly procedure.

EMPIRICAL
- Measurable and Observable things or phenomenon that you can put in print on the bases of your senses.
 
SCIENTIFIC
- It can be tested.
 
LOGICAL
- Justifiable and acceptable by reason.

 
Purpose of Research
1. Discover new knowledge
2. Help solve situational problems
 

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion

Friday, August 20, 2021
Recorded Lesson

The Nature of Inquiry and Research

The twenty-first century has brought about many changes in the way people live and adapt to their environment.

The Meaning of Inquiry

- "quest for truth, information, or knowledge through questioning".
Inquiry denotes participations that leads to acceptance.

Importance of Inquiry
- Data flood the internet, which makes information easily accessible and readily available to researchers.
- The learners must go beyond information accumulation and move toward the application of useful and relevant knowledge
- Through the process of inquiry, individuals construct much of their understanding of the world.

Application of Inquiry
- Inquiry learning can be applied to all disciplines and all facets of life.
- An important outcome of inquiry should be useful knowledge about the natural and human-designed worlds.
- There are important concepts, issues, and questions that people will face throughout their lives.
- Questioning and searching for answers are extremely important parts of inquiry, aided by a conceptual framework for learning.

In research the first thing to do is to have a topic.

What is Research Problem?

Questions that researchers mint to answer or any assumption or assertion that we want to challenge or 10 investigate.
Specificity
The problem should be focused and do not answer yes or no.

METHODS IN WRITING CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PLAYS AN IMPOERTANT ROLE IN EVERY RESEARCH STUDY. THIS IS WHERE THE RESEARCHERS DEPEND AND JUSTIFY
THEIR HYPOTHESIS AND VARAIBLE.

WHAT IS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

“It is tentative regarding the topic under investigation usually shown in a diagram”
- Punch, 2019

To illustrate in a diagram, there is a need to associate certain shapes with the elements of the conceptual framework:
(1) The type of variable under investigation grouped according to how readily it can be measured.
(2) The hypothesized relationship between any two variables.

VARIABLE TYPOLOGIES IN A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

1. Manifest Variable
o These are variables which can be readily measured. They are observable variables demographic profile of the respondents.
o A rectangular shape is used to illustrate these variables.
2. Latent variables
o These variables cannot be readily measured by a single question.
o It is represented by an oval in the conceptual framework.

Relationship typologies in a hypothesis

These are the three (3) possible exist between any two variables.
 Correlation
 Difference
 Effects

- Relationships involving correlation and effects may either be direct or inverse.

 - On the other hand, a direct or positive relationship means the behavior of the variables are either positive or both negative.

Example of Direct Relationship

 The more time a student devotes to his studies, the better his grade will be.
 The lesser the use of cellphones while driving, the lesser the occurrence of accidents.
 The lesser psychological stress a person experiences, the better he can perform at work.
 The more involved parents are of their children, the lesser the chances they will be involved in bullying.

Methods in doing your conceptual framework

1. IVDV (Independent Variables and Dependent Variables)

2. IPO (Input-process-Output)

IVDV Cause and Effect in variables

 Hours of study
 Independent variable
 Exam Score
 Dependent variable

 Intrinsic Rewards
 Independent variable
 Extrinsic Rewards
 Independent variable
 Employment engagement
 Dependent variable

IPO Model Functional graph that identifies the inputs, outputs and required processing tasks required to transform inputs into outputs

 Input
 Qualified Teachers
 Process
  Lesson Execution
 Output
 Academic Performance of the Students

The search for related literature plays a vital role in doing research.
Purpose of Literature Review
 To provide an overview of what is known about the topic and assess the strength of the evidence on that topic,
 It also helps to distinguish what researches have been made and identity areas that need further research.

Characteristics of Related Literature

The literatures must be as recent as possible. If possible, except for theories, it should have been written in the last 10 years.

Functions of a Review of Related Literature

 11 provides justification of the proposed project and enables researchers to define the boundaries of their study.
 It also prevents duplication of previous studies

Sources of Related Literature and Studies

 It may be sourced through articles published in scholarly journals. laws and constitution. books and other general reference materials.
 It may also include grey literature such working papers. proceedings and reports from seminars, manuscripts, monographs and memoirs,
official reports from the government. as well as records of schools.

Steps in Conducting a Literature Review

1. Choose your Topic
2. Identify Databases & Resources
3. Search & Refine
4. Read & Analyze
5. Write the Review

Related Literature
The search for related literature plays a vital role in doing research.
What is Literature Review

Fundamentals of Literature Review

- Meaning of Literature Review
- Purpose of Literature Review
- Characteristics of Related Literature
- Functions of a Review of Related Literature
- Sources of Related Literature

Writing the review of Related Literature

The review of related literature is a vital component in any research undertaking. No research can proceed without writing down what one has
read about the research topic.

Writing the literature review does not entail only summarizing what authors of previous researches have done. It requires sythesizing the
findings of previous researches done on the chosen topic.

What will be included in the Literature Review Section?

 Information included in the review may also come from newspaper or magazine articles, conference papers and government documents
relevant for the study.
 Grey Literature.
 Theoretical Framework and Conceptual Framework.

Points to Consider when Writing the Review of Related Literature

 Provides context of the study and clarifies the relationship between the proposed research and previous research.
 Show how the proposed study is unique from previous research.
 Convince the reader that your study is timely and worthwhile.
 Demonstrate your critical ability as a scholar.

"The ability to locate published data on a topic is a fundamental skill in the research process, and it aids in formulating and refining a research
question and planning the study. "
-Joseph L. Raut
 
Planning in Making a Research Title
Statement of the Problem
Things to consider in choosing an area topic for research
1. Identify a research area based on your interest and your need.
2. You need to have some knowledge of the area of study and experience.
3. Narrow the area sufficiently so that its not too broad nor to narrow.
4. Identify an area in which you can get easily.

Basic Criteria in Choosing a Topic

1. Interest in the topic
2. Availability of data
3. Ability to handle
4. Relevance of the topic

"Topic is different from title."

Characteristics of an Effective Title in Academic Research Paper
1. Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the study.
2. Use words that create a positive impression and stimulate reader's interest
3. Use correct grammar and capitalization. with all first words and last words capita Tined, including the first word or a subtitle.
4. Rarely use abbreviations or acronyms unless they are commonly known.
5. It predicts the content of the research.

Formulating Research Problem

What is Research Problem?
Most of the research problems focusing on the relationship of concept and theories.

Features of Good Research Problem

Clarity
Specificity
Well Defined Scope
Measurability
Manageable
Clarity
The problem should be clear.
Well Defined Scope
Problems define scope and limitation. It gives you boundaries what to extent and things that ore not needed or significant in the study,
Measurability
You are identifying the variables to be observed and it should not haw double meaning. A research questions also defines method you are going
to use in the data.
Manageable
The questions must be the ability to tackle.

What are the parts of a Research Paper?

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
CHAPTER 3 METHOD AND PROCEDURE PROCEDURES
CHAPTER 4 PRESENTATION. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

 Background of the Study — includes purpose and reason behind the conduct of the study. (What made you conduct the study?) Also
serves as the introduction,
 Statement of the Problem — the main problem that the research is trying to solve. It follows the formulation of the title and should be
faithful to it. It specifically points the important questions that the study needs to answer

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

 Step 1: — Organize your note cards on how you would want them to appear in the chapter
 Step 2 — Begin writing the chapter while including the surnames or authors who provided sources for your study and the publication
date of their work in parentheses.
 Step 3 — Edit. Rewrite.

Outcomes of Inquiry
Tabulating, Synthesizing, and Citing Related Literature.
 
Objectives:
• Tabulate related literature.
• Synthesize information from relevant literature.
• Identify the purpose of citation.
 
A review of related literature is an essential preliminary action for doing a research. A thorough review of previously published researches
prevents wasteful repetition of work.
 
Tabulating Sources
 
The literature reviewed may be tabulated into a summary table. The summary table may contain the number of column as identified by the
researcher. The summary table may be created electronically using either a word processor or a spreadsheet.
 
A review of related literature is an essential preliminary action for doing a research. A thorough review of previously published researches
prevents wasteful repetition of work.
 
The table serves as a guide that make ease of formulating synthesis regarding the topic of your study. This help the researcher create a list of
references for the final paper.
 
The suggested summary table contains eight (8) columns.  
1. Title of the journal, volume, issue number and page number.
2. Title of the article.
3. Name of the researcher/s or author/s.
4. Objectives of the paper.
5. Delineated factors or variables used in the study.
6. Locus of the study.
7. Method used by the study.
8. Findings or conclusion of the study
Title of Journal, Title of Article Name of Major Objectives Delineated Factor Locus of the Method of Findings of the
Volume, Issue, Researchers of the Paper Study the Study Paper
and Page No.

Journal of Commentary on Bushe, Provide a critique Appreciative Al teams Action Al becomes

Management "Apreciative Gervase R, on Appreciative Inquiry planning transformational as
Inquiry, 2010, Inquiry as a Inquiry and to Organizational approach a change process
voL 19, p. 324 Shadow Process” decontextualize development
assertions of what Transformation al
is positive change
Journal of The Role of Ciporen, Identify Transformative 92 Exploratory The results suggest
Leadership Personally Rachel potentially unique learning Transfer participants Case Study an alignment
Organizational Transformative supports and of Learning attending Approach between PTL
Studies, 2010, Learning in barriers to the Executive Executive outcomes and
VOL 17, p. 177 Leadership transfer of Education Program Class leadership
Development: A personality Management in 2004 development
Case Study transformative Education priorities related
learning Leadership
development

Synthesizing Related Literature

In synthesizing the literatures gathered by the researcher, we are comparing the findings of those literatures, the variables used by the authors,
the method used and their objectives

In this synthesis, one can combine authors with same findings or statements, or same method used by authors, and variables and objectives.
With this, researchers now can identify if there are sufficient studies that will support the present study, or there are no sufficient studies
available.
Take note that even if there are sufficient literature available, authors are still conducting the same study.

The table serves as a guide that make ease of formulating synthesis regarding the topic of your study. This help the researcher create a list of
references for the final paper.

Citation
Citing is when the researcher refers to another author's work in his paper. He must cite his source by providing the last name of the author and
the year of publication.

Citation is necessary under the following conditions:

1. When the researcher paraphrases statements of another resources.
2. When the researcher summarizes the ideas of another researcher.
3. When the researcher is quoting what was written by another researcher.
 4. When the researcher makes reference to ideas or theories of another researcher.

Purpose of Citation
1. Helps readers detect and locate the source of the work.
- To relocate a work that has been cited, or to verify information, the readers depend on the citations made by the researcher.
2. Proves that the opinion is well-searched.
- Academic writing is built on previous research. Citations allow the researcher to demonstrate that his position or argument has been
exhaustively researched.
3. Acknowledges the author of an original concept or theory presented.
- It is ant to always collect the bibliographic data on source works necessary for proper citation is an organized and systematic manner.

Activity:
Read ten (10) journal articles on your chosen topic, identify the eight (8) parts of literature review.

Assignment
1.What is APA Citation?
2.How to write in-text citation
according to the APA format?

WEEK 5 DAY 2
Writing the Review of Related Literature
YOUR DISCUSSION TEXT:
There are different styles of citations.
1. Modern Language Association
2. American Psychological Association

In the APA format, only the author and the year are included in the in-text-citation.
Ex: (de Castro, 2013)
Note:
The page number of the journal article is included in the in-text-citation if a direct quotation is made.
Writing in-text-citation according to the APA.
1. When citing an article with a single author,
Author’s surname (year of publication)
(Author’s surname, year of publication)
Ex: According to de Castro (2013), .... or (de Castro, 2013)
2. When citing an article with two authors,
Author 1 and Author 2 (year of publication)
(Author 1 & Author 2, year of publication)
Ex: According to Biagi and Lucifora (2018), ...
(According to Biagi & Lucifora, 2018)
3. When citing an article with three to five authors,
Author 1, Author 2, and Author 3 (year of publication)
(Author 1, Author 2, & Author 3, year of publication)
Ex: According to Uy, Manalo, and Sy (2015), ... or
(Uy, Manalo, & Sy, 2015)
In subsequent citations, only the first author’s surname is written followed by et al.
Ex: According to Uy et al. (2015), ... or (Uy, et al., 2015)
4. When citing an rticle with six or more authors,
Author 1 et al. (year of publication)
(Author 1, et al., year of publication)
Ex: According to Chui et al. (2016), ... or (Chui et al., 2016)
5. When two or more articles are cited in the same parentheses, the order to be followed is the order of the articles in the reference,
separated by a semi-colon.
Ex: (de Castro, 2013; de Guzman, 2018)
6. When two or more articles by authors with the same surname are cited in the same parentheses, include the initial of the first name.
Ex: (B. De Castro, 2018; C. de Castro, 2011)
7. When two or more articles by the same author in the same year are cited in the same parentheses, use lower case letters with the year.
Ex: de Castro (2013a)
de Castro (2013b)
8. When the author is not known, cite the title or the first two words of the title in the parentheses instead.
Ex: Previous study on functional foods (“Consumers’ attitude”, 2015)
9. When the author is an organization or government agency, mention the name of the organization and the name of the organization in
brackets, and the year of publication.
Ex: According to the World Health Organization [WHO] (2017), ...
Plagiarism
What is Plagiarism?
Using others’ ideas and words without clearly acknowledging the source of that information.

How to avoid Plagiarism?

YOU MUST GIVE CREDIT,
• Use another person’s idea, opinion, or theory.
• Present any facts, data, or any pieces of information that are not common knowledge.
• Cite portion of another person’s actual spoken or written words.
• Summarize or paraphrase another person’s spoken or written words.

Common Forms of Plagiarism

Clone
- Submitting another’s work, word-for-word.

CTRL + C
- Lifting the significant portion of the text from a single source without alternations.

Find-Replace
- Changing key words and phrases but retaining the essential content of the source.

Remix
- Using multiple source and making them fit together.

Recycle
- Borrowing generously from the writter’s previous work without citations.

Hybrid
- Combining perfectly the cited sources with copied passages without citation.

Mush-up
- Copying material from multiple sources and mixing them.
 Writing the Theoretical Framework
After research topic intellectualization and specific problems identification, there is now a need to be proven in the research through the
conceptual framework and how the researcher can go about it through the theoretical framework.

The frameworks serve as a guide in the conduct of the study. These serves as a roadmap that shows how your research fits into what is already
known and relating it to existing theory and research.

What is Theoretical Framework?

- The theoretical framework serves as a basis as to how the study will be investigated. It refers to the theory, principle or model that the
researcher chooses to guide him in the conduct of the study.
- Theories are formulated to explain, predict, and understand phenomena and, in many cases, to challenge and extend existing knowledge
within the limits of critical bounding assumptions.
- The theoretical framework is the structure structure that can hold or support a theory of a research study.
- A theoretical framework consist of concepts and, together with their definitions and reference to relevant scholarly literature, and
existing theory that is used for your particular study
- The theoretical framework must demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are relevant to the topic of your research
paper and able to relate to the broader areas of knowledge being considered.
- The theoretical framework is most often not something that can be readily found within the literature. You must review course readings
and pertinent research studies for theories and analytic models that are relevant to the research that you are investigating.
- The selection of a theory should depend on its appropriateness, ease of application, and explanatory power.

Theoretical frameworks strengthens the study in the following ways:

 An explicit statement of theoretical assumptions permits the reader to evaluate the research critically.
 The theoretical framework connects the researcher to existing knowledge.
 Articulating the theoretical assumptions of a research study forces you to address questions of why and how.
 Having a theory helps you identify the limits to those generalizations.

Developing the Theoretical Framework

- The theoretical framework is not a stand-alone copy and paste operation where you search the theory on the internet and automatically
copy and paste what comes out of the research
Steps in choosing theory to be used as framework
 Examine the research topic, title, statement of the problem and research questions. In one statement, what is the concern of the
investigation?
 List down the keywords that show the focus of your research.
 Read and review related literature on the topic using a keyword search to locate research articles related to the topic.
 Identify prominent authors who have advanced the same area of inquiry.
 List down variables relevant in the study and label them as dependent and independent variables.
 Select a theory in your field or in other fields that can help explain how the identified variables behave and serve as basis for the conduct
of the research.
 Discuss the assumptions or propositions of each theory taking into consideration its relevance in the research investigations.

Essential Elements of a Theoretical Framework

Description of the Theory
Relevance of the Theory to the Investigation

State the chosen theory, who is/are the repondent/s behind it and the year when it was developed. Describe what the theory is all about, its
historical background and the assumptions or propositions it was able to prove.

Relevance of the Theory to the Investigation

The chosen theory/ies will be no use if it could not be related to the current investigation. This portion of theoretical framework discusses the
relevance of the theory to the current study.

Activity:
Problem: Farmers' comprehension of usage instructions on pesticide packaging.
Research Questions: What are the determinants of farmers' comprehension of usage instructions? What factors influence the way farmers
understand usage instructions om packaging?
Dependent Variable: Farmers' comprehension of usage instructions.
Independent Variable: Farmers' sources of pest management information, perceived credibility of source and frequency of exposure.

Review the social science theories and choose the theory that can best explain the relationship between the key variables in the given
investigation.
Answer the following:
1. What is Research Design?
2. What are the strengths and Weaknesses of Quantitative Research?
 Writing the Review of Related Literature
Boolean Logic
 Boolean logic relationships between terms in a search. You can use these operators to create a very broad or very narrow search.
 Boolean logic is the way to put terms together in a search by using AND, OR, NOT.

Using AND
 When you use AND you will be looking for articles containing two or more words within each article.
 Combines search terms so that each search result contains all of the terms.
 Use AND when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
 Example: Travel and Europe finds articles that contain both travel and Europe.
 Example: Employee and motivation would retrive articles with both words in article.

Using OR
 When you use OR you will be looking for articles containing either one word or the other word.
 Combines search result contains at least one of the terms.
 You would use NOT to exclude irrelevant result.
 Example: College or University finds results that contain either college or university

Using NOT
 When you use NOT you will be looking for one term but not the other.
 Exclude terms so that each search result does not contain any of the terms that follow it.
 Use end when you are searching for concepts and want to be more specific in your research.
 Example: Television not cable finds results that contain television but not cable.
 Example: You might search for broadband not wireless.

Operation of Boolean Logic

AND OR NOT
Each result contains all search terms. Each result contains at least one search term. Result do not contain the specified terms.
The search heart and lungs finds items that The search heart or lungs finds items that The search heart not lungs finds items that
contain both heart and lung. contain either heart or items that contain lung. contain heart but do not contain lung.
TIOC Approach
What is TIOC?
 T- Trends
 I - Issue/s
 O - Objective
 C - Contribution of the Research

TIOC Approach
 Highlight the trend/s in the field.
 Pinpoint the issues underlying the trend/s
 State the overall objective of the paper in the light of the gap identified.
 Discuss the possible contribution of the research attempt to advancing/improving disciplinal theory research, practice, and policy

ACTIVITY
Look for at least five (5) articles related to your research paper and write a literature review and use the Boolean Logic.

Assignment:
Answer the following:
1. What is research design?
2. What are the types of research design?
Methods of Collecting Data
1. Interview Method
2. Questionnaire Method
3. Document Method
4. Observation Method
5. Experiment Method

Share experiences about problems you solved or opportunities you created that you had in your life.
Problem you solved/ opportunity you want to Processes that you implemented to attain Did you describe or evaluate your
create or created your goals opportunity/ problem?
1.
2.
3.

Experimental Research Design

Objectives:
 Explain research design
 Identify the different kinds of research design

Research Design
Refers to the framework of market research methods and techniques that are chosen by a researcher. The design that is chosen by the
researchers allow them to utilize the methods that are suitable for the study and to set up their studies successfully in the future as well.

What is the difference between Research Design and Approach?

Research Design
- Is the overall framework. or outline. or structure of a research proposal
- Demonstrates how selected research design or method is applied to tackle a specific research question
Research Approach
- Incorporates various tools. techniques. procedures. or processes utilized to collect or review data or information.
- Utilizes different methods to answer different research questions.
 Types of Quantitative Research Designs
1. Experimental Research Design
2. Non-Experimental Research Design

Experimental Research Design

 This allows the researcher to control the situation. In doing so, it allows the researcher to answer the question, "What causes something
to occur?"
 Pre-experimental Design
 Quasi-experimental Design
 True-experimental Design

Pre-experimental Design
A type of research applies to experimental design that with least internal validity. One type of pre-experiment, the simple group,
pretest-post-test design, measures the group two times, before and after the intervention.

Quasi-experimental Design
In this design, the researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more observations or finding more existing measures. Quasi-
experimental design involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random pre- selection processes.

Types Quasi-experimental Design

 Non-equivalent Control Group
 Interrupted Time Series Design

Non-equivalent Control Group

This refers to the chance failure of random assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a true experiment into this kind of
design, for purpose of analysis.

Interrupted Time Series Design

It employs multiple measures before and after the experimental intervention. It differs from the single group pre-experiment that has
only one pretest and one posttest.
True-experimental Design
It controls for both time-related and group-related threats. Two features mark true experiments: two or more differently treated groups;
and random assignment to these groups. These features require that the researchers have control over the experimental treatment and the
power to place subjects in groups.

Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the absence o random assignment of subjects to different
conditions. quasi experiments have in common with true experiments is that some subjects receive an intervention and provide data likely to
reflect its impact.
 
Non-experimental Research Design
In this kind of design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, and no external variables are introduced. In this
research design, the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is the setting controlled.

Descriptive Research Design

main purpose is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to serve as a starting
point for hypothesis generation or theory development.

Types of Descriptive Research Design

 Surveys
 Correlational
 Ex-post Facto or Casual-Comparative
 Comparative
 Normative
 Evaluative
 Methodological

Surveys
It is used to gather information from groups of people by selecting and studying samples chosen from a population.

Correlational
It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction, associations and/or relationship between different variables
or groups of respondents under study.
  Bivariate Correlational Studies
 Prediction Studies
 Multiple Regression Prediction Studies

Bivariate Correlational Studies

It obtains score from two variables for each subject, and then uses them to calculate a correlation coefficient.

Prediction Studies
It uses correlation coefficient to show how one variable (the predictor variable) predicts another (the criterion variable).

Multiple Regression Prediction Studies

All variables in the study can contribute to the over-all prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each
identified variable.

Ex-post Facto or Casual Comparative

It is conducted by researchers whose aim would be to find out the direction, associations and/or relationship between different variables
or groups of respondents under study.

Example 1
A researcher is interested in how weight influences stress-coping level of adults. Here the subjects would be separated into different
groups (underweight, normal, overweight) and their stress-coping levels measured.

Comparative
It involves comparing and contrasting two or more samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of time.

Normative
It describes the norm level of characteristics for a given behavior.

Evaluative
It is a process used to determine what has happened during a given activity or in an institution.
Methodological
In this approach, the implementation of a variety of methodologies forms a critical part of achieving the goal of developing a scale
matched approach, where data from different disciplines can be integrated.

Research five (5) different titles of research in a research reports and classify them to any of the research designs we have discussed. Choose
only quantitative research titles. Follow the format below.
Research Title Research Design
1.
2.
3.

Answer the following:

1. What is the difference between design and approach?
2. What are the research techniques used in quantitative research?
Answer the following:
1. What is the importance of selecting appropriate research design?
2. What are the kinds of research Design?

Activity

Using a Venn Diagram, compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research.