CHAPTER I:

UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM

 If you were given a chance to create
your own world or universe how would
it look like?
 universe
Everything that exist; all the planets, stars,
and galaxies are part of the universe, and so,
is all of space.
LESSON 1: TRADITIONAL VIEWS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

Ptolemy's model
"Earth-Centered," or “Geocentric“

• Claudius Ptolemy- One of the most influential Greek astronomers and geographers of
his time.

• The Ancient Greeks were the driving force behind the development of western
astronomy and science, their philosophers learning from the work of others and
adding their own interpretations and observations.

• Greeks believed that earth was a sphere.

LESSON 1: TRADITIONAL VIEWS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

Ptolemy's model
"Earth-Centered," or “Geocentric“

Ptolemy thought that all celestial

objects including the planets, Sun,
Moon, and stars orbited Earth.
Earth, in the center of the universe,
did not move at all.
LESSON 1: TRADITIONAL VIEWS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

Copernicus’ model:
"Sun-centered," or “Heliocentric“

• Nicolaus Copernicus (February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance-

era mathematician and astronomer, who formulated a model of the
universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the
universe
LESSON 1: TRADITIONAL VIEWS ABOUT THE UNIVERSE

Ptolemy vs. Copernicus

Copernicus’ model:
"Sun-centered," or
“Heliocentric“

Copernicus thought that the

planets orbited the Sun, and that
the Moon orbited Earth. The Sun,
in the center of the universe, did
not move, nor did the stars.
LESSON 2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

CREATIONIST THEORY
This theory states that a God
created the universe in seven days.
This theory is supported by the
Bible, but if this is true, the
universe would be very young.
Some people think that the
universe is only 6,000 years old, if
this theory is proven true.
LESSON 2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

Open universe theory

• Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) discovered
the galaxies of the universe are
moving farther apart.
• Alternatively, the galaxies may come
together, until finally they will collide
and explode.
• If the Big Crunch occurred, the sky
would grow as hot as the sun. Finally,
everything would vanish into a
blackhole.
LESSON 2: THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE

STEADY STATE THEORY

• Proposed by Hermann Bondi, Thomas Gold, and Fred Hoyle in
1928, this suggests that there is neither beginning nor end to the
universe, and it has a constant mean density.
• This theory postulates that matter is created throughout the
universe at a rate of about 10-10 nucleon per meter cube per year
as a property of space.
• This violates the Law of Conservation of Matter and Energy.
BIG BANG
THEORY
 TIME BEGINS
 
The cosmos goes through a
superfast “inflation” expanding
from the size of an atom to that
of a grapefruit in a tiny fraction
of second.

Time:
Temperature: ------
 POST INFLATION
 

The universe is a seething hot

soup of electrons, quarks and
other particles.

Time:
Temperature: 27
 POST INFLATION
Quarks- particles that made up
neutron and proton.

6 Types of Quarks:
1. Up
2. Down
3. Charm
4. Strange
5. Top
6. Bottom
 POST INFLATION

Baryons- hadrons that consist of

three quarks
Bosons- particles that carry the basic
physical sources
Gluos- carries the strong force
between quarks
Leptons- particles found outside the
nucleus
Photons- bosons that carry the
electromagnetic force
Gravitons- bosons that carry
gravitational force
 ONE SECOND

A rapidly cooling cosmos

permits quarks to clump into
protons and neutrons

Time:
Temperature: 13
 THREE MINUTES
 

Still too hot to form into atoms,

charge electrons and protons
prevent light from shining; the
universe is a superhot fog.

Time: minutes
Temperature: 8
 300,000 YEARS
 

Electrons combine with protons

and neutrons to form atoms,
mostly hydrogen and helium

Temperature: 10,000
 1 BILLION YEARS
 

Gravity makes hydrogen and

helium gas coalesce to form the
giant clouds

Temperature: -200
 15 BILLION YEARS
 

As galaxies cluster together

under gravity, the first stars die
and spew heavy elements into
space

Temperature: -270
Find 20 words in the box that is related to the discussion. 2 pts. each
P H O T D C E T A T S Y D A E T S E S
Y T H Y D R O G E N T O L E R T O Y M
R R S E A I C E C R G N A B G I B G O
A A I T A K A S A E Y X A L A G O O O
E E S R E V I N U N E P O D M L R L T
T H E U G L Y M E N I S E M O O N O H
A S F E R D I N A N D F R S W R I M S
H E C N E I C S M E C H A E Y D T S I
Q W A S D F H Y R E O B T L V S I O N
T S I N O I T A E R C U I L S I G C E
S O R R O W X S T S I S I B I F N I R
E S N O R T C E L E Z A R U K R A U Q
S E X P A N D E R S Q S D H G H U S U
Find 20 words in the box that is related to the discussion. 2 pts. each
H E T A T S Y D A E T S
T H Y D R O G E N Y
R A G N A B G I B G
A T S Y X A L A G O
E S R E V I N U N E P O M L
H N S M O O N O
R W M
E C N E I C S E S
L V O
T S I N O I T A E R C L I C
S B N
S N O R T C E L E U K R A U Q
H
ASSIGNMENT:
BRING THE FOLLOWING MATERIALS:

• 30-cm round latex balloon

• Permanent felt-tip marking pen
• 60-cm piece of string
• Metric ruler