

CABLE
STRUCTURES


CABLE

 - Structural cables are made of a series of small strands twisted

or bound together to form a much larger cable. Steel cables are
either spiral strand, where circular rods are twisted together and
"glued" using a polymer, or locked coil strand, where individual
interlocking steel strands from the cable.


 A Cable is a main component of cable supported bridge or

suspended roof structures that are classified as follows:

1. Suspension Type Cables

     - The main forces in a suspension bridge of any type are tension

in the cables and compression in the pillars. This not only adds
strength but improves reliability.

2. Stayed Type Cables

     - The towers are the primary load-bearing structures which

transmit the bridge loads to the ground.


- Cable roof structures permit economical, column-free construction

over large spans. Cable roofs also decrease the stresses on the
superstructure, supporting members and the foundation, thereby
permitting the use of fewer and lighter materials. Cable roofs offer a
bold challenge to architects and structural engineers who seek new
ways to utilize interesting techniques and materials.

- A cable roof structure is any roof structure which uses steel cables
as load-bearing, structural elements.

TWO CATEGORIES:

Cable-Suspended Roof

     - A cable-suspended roof uses cables to directly carry the roof

load. There are two variations of this principle: (1) cases where the
roof deck is carried directly on the cable; and (2) cases where
additional loads, such as ceiling frames, are suspended directly
from and below the cable.

Cable-Supported Roof

     - In a cable-supported system, the roof loads are generally

carried by rigid structural members. In this case, the cables serve
as added support.

TENSILE
STRUCTURE


 - A Tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying

only tension and no compression or bending. Tensile structures
are the most common type of thin-shell structure. Most tensile
structures are supported by some form of compression or
bending elements; such as masts, compression rings, or beams.
 

TENSILE
A tensile
membrane
structure
is most often
used
as a roof,
as they can
economically
and attractive
distances.

ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
USING FABRIC SHADES STRUCTURE
ADVANTAGES DIS ADVANTAGES

UNIQUE DESIGN COST DEPENDS ON SIZES

DISTINCT COLOR, SHAPE NO DIY INSTALLATION

AND SIZES TYPES

LIGHTWEIGHT AND FLEXIBLE

FIRE RESTORDANT AND

WATERPROOF

TYPES OF TENSILE STRUCTURE

A two-dimensional tension fabric membrane can take planar

tensile forces, but it cannot take significant forces perpendicular to this
plane. Therefore, in addition to being pre-stressed, tension fabric must
take a certain three-dimensional shape, in order to remain stable.
These shapes were discovered by Otto and Berger during their
investigation of natural forms, such as soap bubbles. There are two
types of general shapes: Anticlastic and Synclastic Shapes.
 ANTICLASTIC
SHAPES

Anticlastic Shapes are created by

having the radii of the principal
curvatures on opposite sides of the
tension fabric surface. As a result, when
loaded at a particular point, tension will
increase on one curve of the membrane
and leave the opposite curve. Thereby,
preserving equilibrium and keeping the
structure stable. In order to keep
anticlastic shapes, some kind of
structural frame or support is necessary
in the form of cables or steel beams.
Some examples of anticlastic shapes
are saddle, cone and wave forms.


Synclastic Shapes are

characterized by having the
radii of the principal
curvatures on the same
side of the fabric. In order to
counteract external forces,
pressure from the within is
necessary. This is why
synclastic shapes are
associated with air-inflated
structures. The difference of
pressure created by air
pumped into the building is
able to counteract the
external forces, in the form
of wind or snow.
SYNCLASTIC
SHAPES
 

TYPES OF FABRIC MEMBRANES

 

PVC

Less expensive 15
to 20 year life span
Easy to erect

SILICON
GLASS

Higher tensile
strength
Brittle, subject
to damage
from flexing
30+ year life
span


TEFLON/PTFE

(Polytetrafluoroethylene)
Similar to silicon glass,
less brittle.
 

NOTABLE PERSON AND THEIR

WORKS
 ENGINEER VLADIMIR

SHUKHOV

WAS ONE OF THE FIRST

TO DEVELOP PRACTICAL
CALCULATIONS OF
STRESSES AND
DEFORMATIONS OF
TENSILE STRUCTURES,
SHELLS AND MEMBRANES.
SHUKHOV DESIGNED EIGHT
TENSILE STRUCTURES AND
THIN- SHELL STRUCTURES
EXHIBITION PAVILIONS FOR
THE NIZHNY NOVGOROD
FAIR OF 1896 ENGR.
VLADIMIR SHUKHOV
 

Myer Music
Bowl Structure
 German architect and structural
 engineer Frei Otto was well known for
his pioneering innovations in lightweight AR. FREI OTTO
and tensile structures. In many ways,
Otto was far ahead of his time and
sought new methods to use the least
amount of material and energy to
create space, embracing principles of
sustainability long before the term was
coined in architecture. His interest in
going beyond the discipline of
architecture is evident in his fascination
with experimentation as he spoke of the
need to understand the "physical,
biological and technical processes
which give rise to objects." One can
see his interests in natural phenomena
such as bird skulls, soap bubbles, and
spiders' webs as they are translated
into man-made forms that appear
incredibly delicate and elegant. AR.
FREI OTTOn Architect Frei Otto

MUNICH OLYMPIC
STADIUM

PERHAPS HIS BEST

KNOWN WORK, THE 1972
MUNICH OLYMPIC STADIUM,
IS A STRIKING EXAMPLE OF
HOW OTTO GRACEFULLY
APPLIED THE MANY
LESSONS HE LEARNED IN
TENSILE STRUCTURES.
OTTO USED THE IDEA OF
ANTONIO GAUDI FOR THE
ROOF OF THE OLYMPIC
STADIUM IN MUNICH


LOCAL TENSILE STRUCTURES


AYALA NUVALI

SKY RANCH TAGAYTAY

SM SOUTHMALL - CANOPY

WHY USE TENSIONED MEMBRANE
STRUCTURE?

• Flexible Design Aesthetics - Tensile fabric structures provide unlimited designs of distinctive
elegant forms that can be realized because of the unique flexible characteristics of membrane.

• Outstanding Translucency - In daylight, fabric membrane translucency offers soft diffused,

naturally lit spaces reducing the interior lighting costs while at night, artificial lighting creates an
ambient exterior luminescence.

• Excellent Durability - With several different membranes in the market place such as PTFE
fiberglass, ETFE film, PVC and ePTFE, the durability and longevity of tensile membrane
structures have been proven and built in climates ranging from the frigid artic to the scorching
desert heat.

• Lightweight Nature - The lightweight nature of membrane is a cost effective solution that
requires less structural steel to support the roof compared to conventional building materials,
enabling long spans of column-free space. • shipment.


• Low Maintenance - Tension fabric structures are somewhat unique in that they require minimal
maintenance when compared to an equivalent-sized conventional building.

• Cost Benefits - Most tensile membrane structures have high sun reflectivity and low absorption
of sunlight, resulting in less energy used within a building and ultimately reducing electrical
energy costs.

• Variety of Membranes - Whether it’s a permanent durable structure that needs to last longer
than 30 years, an insulated membrane system for thermal performance or a deployable flexible
application, there are a variety of tensile membranes to choose from to meet specific
performances for your next building project.

• Sustainable Building Material - By using translucent tensile fabric membranes like PTFE, PVC,
Insulated Tensile Membrane or transparent ETFE films, daylight is maximized in building
interiors, thus reducing the costs for electric lighting.