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CHAPTER 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
Anatomy
• Study of the structure and shape of the body
and its parts
Physiology
• Study of how the body and its parts work or
function
• Gross anatomy
• Large structures
• Easily observable
Esophagus Pharynx
Stomach
Pancreas
(Spleen)
Liver
Gallbladder
Transverse
colon
Duodenum Descending
Small intestine Jejunum colon
Ascending
lleum colon Large intestine
Cecum
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Appendix
Anus
Anal canal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.1
Anatomy—Levels of Study
• Microscopic anatomy
• Structures cannot be seen with the
naked eye
• Structures can only be viewed with a
microscope
Surface
epithelium
Gastric pit
Pyloric
sphincter
Mucous
neck cells
Parietal cells
Gastric gland
Gastric
glands
Chief cells
(c)
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 14.4c
Pepsinogen Pepsin
HCl
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Enteroendocrine
cell
(d) Figure 14.4d
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.
Molecules
Smooth muscle cell
2 Cellular level
Cells are made Atoms
up of molecules.
1 Chemical level
Atoms combine to
form molecules.
Smooth
muscle
tissue Blood
3 Tissue level
Tissues consist of vessels
similar types of cells.
Heart
Epithelial
tissue
Smooth
muscle Blood
tissue vessel
(organ) 6 Organismal level
Connective Cardio– Human organisms are
tissue vascular made up of many organ
system systems.
4 Organ level
Organs are made up of
different types of tissues. 5 Organ system level
Organ systems consist of
different organs that work
together closely.
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 1
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 2
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 3
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 4
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 5
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.1, step 6
Organ System Overview
• Integumentary
• Forms the external body covering
• Protects deeper tissue from injury
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
• Skeletal
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides muscle attachment for movement
• Site of blood cell formation
• Stores minerals
Joint
Bones
• Muscular
• Produces movement
• Maintains posture
• Produces heat
• Nervous
• Fast-acting control system
• Responds to internal and external change
• Activates muscles and glands
Sensory
receptor
Spinal
cord
Nerves
• Endocrine
• Secretes regulatory hormones
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Metabolism
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
(parathyroid glands
on posterior aspect)
Thymus gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Testis (male)
Ovary (female)
• Cardiovascular
• Transports materials in body via blood
pumped by heart
• Oxygen
• Carbon dioxide
• Nutrients
• Wastes
Blood
vessels
• Lymphatic
• Returns fluids to blood vessels
• Cleanses the blood
• Involved in immunity
Lymph
nodes
Lymphatic
vessels
• Respiratory
• Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
• Removes carbon dioxide
• Digestive
• Breaks down food
• Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
• Eliminates indigestible material as feces
Esophagus
Stomach
Small
intestine
Large
intestine
Rectum
Anus
• Urinary
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
• Maintains acid-base balance
• Regulates water and electrolytes
Ureter
Urinary
bladder
Urethra
• Reproductive
• Produces offspring
• Testes produce sperm and male hormone
• Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones
Ovary
Uterus
Vas
Penis
deferens
Testis Vagina
Scrotum
• Maintain boundaries
• Movement
• Locomotion
• Movement of substances
• Responsiveness
• Ability to sense changes and react
• Digestion
• Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
• Reproduction
• Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
• Produces future generation
• Growth
• Increases cell size and number of cells
• Nutrients
• Chemicals for energy and cell building
• Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
• Oxygen
• Required for chemical reactions
• Water
• 60 to 80 percent of body weight
• Most abundant chemical in the human body
• Provides for metabolic reaction
• Stable body temperature
• 37°C (98°F)
• Atmospheric pressure
• Must be appropriate for gas exchange
Cardiovascular system
Via the blood, distributes oxygen
and nutrients to all body cells and
delivers wastes and carbon
dioxide to disposal organs
Blood CO2
O2
Integumentary system
Feces Protects the body as a whole Urine
• Homeostasis—maintenance of a stable
internal environment
• A dynamic state of equilibrium
• Necessary for normal body functioning and
to sustain life
• Homeostatic imbalance
• A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in
disease
IMB
ALA
NC
E
IMB
ALA
NC
E
IMB
ALA
NC
E
IMB
ALA
NC
E
IMB
ALA
NC
E
IMB
ALA
NC
E
• Control center
• Determines set point
• Analyzes information
• Determines appropriate response
• Effector
• Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
• Negative feedback
• Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
• Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its
intensity
• Works like a household thermostat
• Positive feedback
• Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
• In the body this only occurs in blood clotting
and during the birth of a baby
Lower limb
Coxal (hip)
Pubic (genital) Femoral (thigh)
Patellar
Crural (leg)
KEY: Fibular
Thorax Pedal (foot)
Tarsal (ankle)
Abdomen
Back (Dorsum)
Digital
(a) Anterior/Ventral
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5a
Regional Terms
Lumbar
Femoral (thigh)
Popliteal
Sural (calf)
Fibular KEY:
Thorax
Pedal (foot) Abdomen
Calcaneal
Back (Dorsum)
Plantar
(b) Posterior/Dorsal
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.5b
Directional Terms
Thoracic
cavity
Diaphragm
Abdominal
Abdominopelvic
Spinal cavity
cavity
cavity
Pelvic
cavity
KEY:
Dorsal body cavity Ventral body cavity
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 1.7
Right upper Left upper
quadrant quadrant
(RUQ) (LUQ)