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Human Anatomy and Physiology

Introduction to the Course

Course Introduction and Syllabus (syllabus activity)

I. Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology

I. Characteristics of Living Organisms
A. Composed of cells
B. Metabolism
C. Growth
D. Excretion
E. Responsiveness
F. Movement
G. Reproduction


II. Levels of Organization
A. Organism:


B. Organ System: a system of organs that work together for a common function. What are the
11 organ systems of the human body?

Organs System Structures Functions
Systems of Endocrine Glands: Pineal, pituitary, Hormones regulate body
Control thyroid, thymus, adrenal, functions (growth,
pancreas, testis, ovaries metabolism,
reproduction, blood
sugar, digestion)
Nervous Spinal cord, nerves, Responds to external
brain and internal stimuli
Systems of Skeletal Bones cartilage, joints Supportive framework,
Support store minerals, RBC
production
Muscular Muscles, tendons Movement, expressions,
posture, heat
Integumentary Hair, skin, nails Protection, vit. D, sense,
sweat
Systems that Lymphatic Bone marrow, lymphatic Holds WBC, returns fluid
maintain cells vessels, thymus, spleen, to blood
lymph nodes
Respiratory Larynx, pharynx, Oxygenate blood &
trachea, lung, bronchi remove CO2

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Urinary Kidney, ureter, bladder, Remove nitrogenous
urethra waste, regulate water,
acid-base balance
Circulatory Heart, blood vessels Transport blood
Digestive Esophagus, liver, small Breaks down food for
intestine, large intestine, absorption
rectum, anus
Reproductive Testis, prostate gland, Hormone production
penis, scrotum, ductus production and housing
deferens, ovaries, of sex cells
mammary glands,
uterus, vagina, uterine
tube,







C. Organs –
1. Glands – specialized organs that secrete things (by default listed here
as an organ)

2. Membranes – special organs made of epithelial, connective and
muscle tissue, protective function




D. Tissues – similar cells work together for a common function

E. Cells:

F. Chemical: make up structures of the cell
1. Molecules
2. Atoms

III. Core Principles of Anatomy and Physiology
A. Gradients drive physiological processes in the body
1. Temperature
2. Concentration
3. Pressure

B. Cells must communicate to coordinate body function

C. There is complementarity of structure and function

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D. Feedback Loops help to maintain homeostasis in the body:
1. What is homeostasis? body’s ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it,
and thus maintain relatively stable internal conditions

2. Five components of a homeostatic system
a. Stimulus: creates an imbalance, some
change
b. Receptor: detects the change
c. Control center: integrates the
information, determines the set point,
receive input from sensor, determines
appropriate response
d. Effector: Something that brings about a
change in the body
e. Response: the change that occurs

3. Negative feedback loop:
a. Stimulus:

b. Receptor:

c. Control center:

d. Effector:

e. Response:


4. Positive feedback

a. Stimulus:

b. Receptor: stimulates nerve endings of the cervix

c. Control center:

d. Effector:

e. Response:

Rodgers, Bio 141, Fall 2019