• The study of the structure of body parts and their

relationships to one another

• Where it is and what it is made of!

• The study of the function of the body’s structural

machinery
• How it works!

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• The Highest Level
• Made up of organ systems

Consists of different ORGANS that work

closely together
• Integumentary • Lymphatic/Immune
• Skeletal • Respiratory
• Muscular • Digestive
• Nervous • Urinary
• Endocrine • Reproductive
• Cardiovascular – male and female

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 Principal organs:
Skin, hair, nails,
cutaneous glands
Principal functions:
Protection, water retention,
thermoregulation, vitamin
D synthesis, cutaneous
sensation, nonverbal
communication
Integumentary system Skeletal system
Principal organs:
Lymph nodes,
lymphatic vessels,
thymus, spleen, tonsils
Principal functions:
Recovery of excess
tissue fluid, detection of
pathogens, production
of immune cells, defense
against disease
Lymphatic system Respiratory system
Principal organs:
Brain, spinal cord, nerves,
ganglia
Principal functions:
Rapid internal
communication,
coordination,
motor control
and sensation
Nervous system
Principal organs:
Teeth, tongue, salivary
glands, esophagus,
stomach, small and large
intestines, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
Principal functions:
Nutrient break down and
absorption. Liver functions
include metabolism of
carbohydrates, lipids,
proteins, vitamins, and
minerals; synthesis of
plasma proteins; disposal
of drugs, toxins, and
hormones; and cleansing
of blood.
Digestive system Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
Principal organs:
Bones, cartilages,
ligaments
Principal functions:
Support, movement,
protective enclosure of
viscera, blood formation,
mineral storage,
electrolyte and acid–base
balance
Muscular system
Principal organs:
Nose, pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, lungs
Principal functions:
Absorption of oxygen,
discharge of carbon
dioxide, acid–base
balance, speech
Urinary system
Principal organs:
Pituitary gland,
pineal gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, thymus,
adrenal glands, pancreas,
testes, ovaries
Principal functions:
Hormone production;
internal chemical
communication and
coordination
Endocrine system
Principal organs:
Testes, epididymides,
spermatic ducts, seminal
vesicles, prostate gland,
bulbourethral glands,
penis
Principal functions:
Production and delivery
of sperm; secretion of
sex hormones
Principal organs:
Skeletal muscles
Principal functions:
Movement, stability,
communication, control
of body openings, heat
production
Principal organs:
Kidneys, ureters, urinary
bladder, urethra
Principal functions:
Elimination of wastes;
regulation of blood
volume and pressure;
stimulation of red blood
cell formation; control
of fluid, electrolyte,
and acid-base balance;
detoxification
Principal organs:
Heart, blood vessels
Principal functions:
Distribution of nutrients,
oxygen, wastes,
hormones, electrolytes,
heat, immune cells,
and antibodies;
fluid, electrolyte, and
acid-base balance
Circulatory system
Principal organs:
Ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, vagina, mammary
glands
Principal functions:
Production of eggs; site
of fertilization and fetal
development; fetal
nourishment; birth;
lactation; secretion of
sex hormones
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• Made up of different types of __________
TISSUES

• Consists of similar types of _________

CELLS

4
• Made up of __________
MOLECULES

• Made up of ___________
ATOMS

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 Organism

Tissue
Organ system Organ

Cell

Macromolecule

Organelle

Atom
Molecule

• No two humans are exactly alike

– 70% most common structure
– 30% anatomically variant
– Variable number of ___________
ORGANS

• Missing muscles, extra vertebrae,

blood vessels
– Variation in organ ___________
LOCATIONS

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 Normal

Pelvic kidney Horseshoe kidney

Normal

Variations in branches of the aorta

• __________________
– differentiation and growth
• __________________
– producing copies of themselves; pass genes to offspring
• __________________
– mutations: changes in genetic structure
• __________________ composition
– living matter is always compartmentalized into one or
more cells
• __________________ and movement
– sense and react to stimuli

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 • All the chemical reactions that occur in
the body
– Building reactions
• ____________
– Breaking reactions
• ____________

• The ability to maintain a relatively stable

internal environment in an ever-changing
outside world
– Example: body temperature
– State of the body fluctuates within limited range
around a set point

– ____________ feedback keeps variable

close to the set point

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• Body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse it
– dynamic equilibrium
• Because feedback mechanisms alter the original changes that
triggered them (temperature, for example), they are called
feedback loops 1 Room temperature
fallsto66°F(19°C)

C10°
15°20°25°
6 Room cools down
F50°
60°70°80°

2 Thermost atactivates
furnace
C10°
15°20°25°

F50°
60°70°80°

5 Thermostat shuts
off furnace

4 Room temperature
rises to 70°F (21°C)

3 Heat output

75
Furnace turned
off at 70 oF
Room temperature (oF)

70

Set point 68 oF

65

Furnace turned
on at 66 oF
60
Time

• Example: Room temperature does not stay at set point

of 68°F, it only averages 68°F

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 Sweating

Core body temperature

37.5 oC
(99.5 Vasodilation
oF)

37.0 oC Set point

(98.6
oF)

Vasoconstriction
36.5 oC
(97.7
oF)
Time

Shivering

• Example: Brain senses change in blood temperature

– If too warm, vessels dilate (vasodilation) in the skin and
sweating begins (heat-losing mechanism)
– If too cold, vessels in the skin constrict (vasoconstriction)
and shivering begins (heat-gaining mechanism)

Person rises
from bed
Blood pressure rises Blood drains from
to normal; homeostasis upper body, creating
is restored homeostatic imbalance

Cardiac center
accelerates heartbeat Baroreceptors above
heart respond to drop
in blood pressure

Baroreceptors send signals

to cardiac center of brainstem

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 • Self-amplifying cycle
– Leads to _____________________ in the same
direction
– Feedback loop is repeated—change produces
more change
• Normal way of producing rapid changes
– Occurs with childbirth, blood clotting, protein
digestion, fever, and generation of nerve signals

3 Brain stimulates
pituitary gland to
secrete oxytocin

4
Oxytocin stimulates uterine
2 Nerve impulses contractions and pushes
from cervix fetus toward cervix
transmitted
to brain

1 Head of fetus
pushes against cervix

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• Anatomical position
• Planes of section
• Directional terms
• Regions of the body
• Body cavities and membranes

• Person stands erect

• Feet flat on floor
• Arms at ________
• Palms, eyes & face facing ______
• Standard frame of reference for
anatomical descriptions &
dissection

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• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces
passing through the body
– sections are anatomical views if body is
cut on a plane

• ____________
– divides body into right and left halves

• ________
– divides body into front & back portions

• ___________

– divides the body into upper & lower

portions

• Sagittal plane divides

body into right and left
_________
– divides body into equal
right and left halves

– divides the body into right

and left portions
• __________
– an infinite number

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 Sagittal Frontal Transverse

• above; (toward the head) - __________

• below - Inferior
• toward the midline - __________
• away from the midline - Lateral
• closer to the origin of a body part - ________
• farther from the origin of a body part - Distal
• toward the body surface - __________
• away from the body surface - Deep
– more internal

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• Different meanings for humans and animals
– Anterior surface of human is surface of chest & belly
• anterior in a four-legged animal is the head end
– __________ surface of human is back side
• posterior in a four-legged animal is the tail end
• belly-side - __________
• backside - __________
• In humans Anterior is the same as Ventral
• In humans Posterior is the same as Dorsal

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 Cephalic r. (head)

Facial r. (face)

Upper limb: Cervical r. (neck)

Acromial r.
(shoulder) Thoracic r. (chest):
Sternal r.
Axillary r. (armpit) Pectoral r.
Brachial r. (arm)

Cubital r. (elbow) Umbilical r.

Antebrachial r. Abdominal r.
(forearm)
Inguinal r. (groin)
Carpal r. (wrist)
Pubic r.:
Mons pubis
Palmar r. (palm)
External genitalia:
Penis
Lower limb: Scrotum
Coxal r. (hip) Testes

Patellar r. (knee)
Lower limb:
Femoral r. (thigh)

Crural r. (leg)

Tarsal r. (ankle)

Pedal r. (foot):
Dorsum
Plantar surface
(sole)
(a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral)

(a) Anterior (ventral) (b) Anterior (ventral)

Cranial r.

Nuchal r.
(back of neck)

Interscapular r.

Scapular r.

Vertebral r.

Lumbar r.
Sacral r.

Gluteal r.
(buttock)

Dorsum of hand

Perineal r.

Femoral r.

Popliteal r.

Crural r.

Tarsal r.

Calcaneal r.
(heel)

(c) Posterior (dorsal) (d) Posterior (dorsal)

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 Quadrants

Stomach
Right Left
upper upper 10th rib
quadrant quadrant

Right Left
Anterior
lower lower
superior
quadrant quadrant
spine

(a) (b)

Regions

Liver
Hypochondriac Epigastric
region Gallbladder
region
10th rib
Subcostal line

Lumbar Umbilical Large

region region intestine
Small
Intertubercular intestine
line
Hypogastric
Inguinal region region Urinary
Midclavicular bladder
line Urethra

(c) (d)

• Major body cavities

– Dorsal body cavity
• __________ cavity
• __________ canal
– Ventral body cavity
• thoracic cavity
• diaphragm separates them
• abdominopelvic cavity
– __________ cavity
– __________ cavity
• Lined by membranes
• Filled with __________

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• The area between the lungs - ______________
– contains heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea &
thymus
• __________ cavities hold the lungs
• Membranes
– visceral and parietal pleura cover lungs & line rib cage
– visceral and parietal pericardium cover heart & line
pericardial sac

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• Brim of the pelvis separates abdominal from pelvic cavity
contains GI tract, kidneys & ureters
contains rectum, bladder, urethra &
reproductive organs
• Membranes = visceral & parietal __________

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