Cell As The Basic Unit of Life: Name: Class: School No

Chapter 2:
Cell as the Basic

Unit of Life
NAME:
CLASS:
SCHOOL NO:
CLHS/SCF1/CHAP2/PANGKT 0
2.1 Cell - Structure, Function and Organisation
What is a cell?
1. Living things are composed of basic units called cells.
2. Cells carry out all life’s functions such as growth, respiration, reproduction and
excretion.
3. Cells undergo cell division to form new cells and replace damaged cells.
4. One cell can divide to become two cells, 4 cells, 8 cells and so on.
5. The increase in the number of cells in the body enables organisms to grow.
6. Cancer cells are forms when normal cells divide continuously without control to form
abnormal cells.
7. A tumour (肿瘤) is a group of abnormal cells that form lump or growth.
How can we observe cell?

1. A microscope is an optical device which helps us to observe cells.
2. A light microscope has two lenses: eye lens and objective lens.
Magnification(放大) of objects = magnification power of eye lens x magnification power of objective lens
Parts of light microscope Function
1 Eye piece To observe and magnify the image of the specimen,
usually around x10 magnification
2 Arm To hold and support the microscope
3 Objective lenses To increase the magnification power
4 Stage To place where the slide is placed and clipped in
position
5 Diaphragm Controls the amount of light entering the objective
lens
6 Coarse adjustment knob To raise or lower the objective lens
7 Fine adjustment knob To obtain a sharp image
Functions of Structures in Animal Cells and Plant Cells
Comparison between Animal Cells and Plant Cells

Similarities:
Both cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus.
Animal cell Plant cell
Similarities
Both cells have cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria and nucleus.
Differences
Does not have a fixed shape Has a fixed shape
Does not have cell wall Has cell wall
Usually does not have vacuole. If present, Has a large vacuole
the vacuoles are small
Does not contain chloroplasts Green plants have chloroplasts
Store food in the form of glycogen Store food in the form of starch
Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

1. Organism are divided into unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms.
2. Unicellular organisms (“uni” means one) are organisms that consist of only one cell while
multicellular organisms (“multi” means many) are organisms that consist of more than
one cell.
Unicellular organism
1. Even though unicellular organisms consist of only one cell, the organisms can carry out
all the processes of life such as growth and reproduction
Multicellular organism
1. Organisms that consist of many cells.
2. Some of them are small and can only see under microscope while others are large and
visible.
The Types and Functions of Animal Cells and Plant Cells
1) Animal cells
2) Plant cells
The Formation of an Organism

1. A group of cells with specific functions combine to form a tissue.
2. A group of tissues combine to form an organ.
3. A group of organs combine to form a system. Various systems combine to form an
organism.
4. Cell organisation in multicellular organisms can be summarised as follow:
Systems in the Human Body
Systems in Human Function Systems in Human Function
Blood circulatory Carries oxygen, Endocrine system Produces hormones
System nutrients and hormones required to
to all parts of the body coordinate reactions
in the body.
Organ : Heart, blood
vessels Organ : pituitary,
thyroid, adrenal
gland, pancreas,
ovary (female only),
testes (male only)
Digestive System Breaks down complex Nervous System Carries information

food into simpler form from the brain to the
so that it is more easily entire body in the
absorbed by the body. form of impulse.
Organ : Duodenum, Organ : Brain,

small intestine, large Spinal cord,
intestine peripheral nerves,
sense organs
Reproductive System Produces sperms and Integumentary System Protects the body
ovum to produce from dehydration
offspring. and regulates body
temperature.
Female -ovaries, uterus,
vagina
Male – Testes, penis Organ : Skin
Respiratory System Absorbs oxygen and Muscular System Helps in the
releases carbon dioxide movements of the
from the body. body and inner
organs.
Organ : Muscle
Organ : Nose, trachea,
lungs
Skeletal System Supports the body and Excretory System Removes excretory
protects the inner waste from the body.
organs such as the lung
and heart.
Organ : Kidneys,
Organ : Bones, tendons,
skin and lung
ligaments, cartilage
Lymphatic System Drains lymphatic fluid
(Immune System) into blood vessels to
protect the body from
infections of bacteria,
virus and others.
Organ : lymphatic
nodes, lymphatic
vessels, spleen, thymus
gland
2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

1. Respiration can be divided into external respiration (breathing 呼吸) and internal
respiration (cell respiration 细胞呼吸).
2. Breathing involves exchange of gases between the organism and environment
whereas cell respiration is the oxidation process and break down of glucose that
occur inside living cells to release energy.
Cell Respiration（细胞呼吸）
1. Cell respiration is the process of breaking down food to release energy.
2. The energy released will be used for all life processes that occur inside the body.
3. Cell respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce energy, carbon dioxide and
water.
Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis is a process when green plants make food (glucose) from carbon
dioxide and water in the presence of sunlight.
2. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplast (叶绿体) because it contains the green
pigment called chlorophyll (叶绿素) which can absorb sunlight.
3. Oxygen is released during photosynthesis.
4. The word equation for photosynthesis:
5. Glucose produced is kept in the form of starch.
6. Iodine test is used to test for the presence of starch.
The Differences between Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

Cell Respiration Photosynthesis
Occurs in mitochondria Occurs in chloroplast
Process to release energy Process to absorb energy
Uses chemical energy in food Uses energy from light
Occurs in humans, animals, plants and microorganisms Occurs in plants and microorganisms
Breaks down glucose to produce energy Synthesises glucose

Uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, Uses carbon dioxide and water to produce
water and energy oxygen and glucose
Occurs at all times Occurs only in the presence of light
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Cell As The Basic Unit of Life: Name: Class: School No

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Cell As The Basic Unit of Life: Name: Class: School No

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Chapter 2:

Cell as the Basic

How can we observe cell?

Comparison between Animal Cells and Plant Cells

Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

The Formation of an Organism

Digestive System Breaks down complex Nervous System Carries information

Organ : Duodenum, Organ : Brain,

2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

The Differences between Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

Breaks down glucose to produce energy Synthesises glucose

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