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?WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY

Physio=function
Logy=science
HUMAN BODY PARTS
HUMAN BODY
systems

organs

tissues

cells
 Central nervous
HUMAN BODY SYSTEMS system{CNS}

Organs

Brain cortex,basal ganglia,thalamus

hypothalamus, cerebellum,etc

tissues

Collagen tissue=meninges
Elastic tissue,myelin sheath,etc

cells

Nerve cells,oligodendrocytes,microglial
cell,astrocytes etc
CNS CELLS
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM-2
Cardio=heart
Vascular=vessels
:Vessels are
artery 2/veins 3/lymphatics/1

Cardiovascular organs
are:
1/Heart
2/vessels

Cardiovascular cells are:

1/Cardiac myocytes
2/Vascular smooth muscles
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-3

Respiratory system organs:

1/lungs
2/bronchi-trachea,alveoli

Respiratory cells are:

Pneumocytes
Alveolar cells
RESPIRATORY CELLS
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM{GIT}-4
:ORGANS ARE
salivary gland/1
esophagus/2
stomach/3
liver/4
pancreas/5
intestine/6
spleen/7
URINERY SYSTEM-5
:Organs are
kidney/1
ureter/2
bladder/3
urethra/4
:Cells are
transitional cells/1
smooth muscle cells/2
MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM-6
:Organs are
skeletal muscle/1
bone/2

:Cells are
skeletal myocytes/1
osteoblast,osteoclast/2
GENITAL SYSTEM-6

female male
HAEMATOLOGY SYSTEM{BLOOD}-7
Physiology science is concerned with
different body systems functioning in a
coordinated manner
The basic functional unit of each-
.tissue is the cell
Cells need normal constant-
environment although it consume
fuel{glucose} to make energy needed
for its function ,and liberate waste
.products in a form of Co2,heat
 BURN EQUATION(CELLULAR
RESPIRATION) H+

Co2
.Oxygen
.
Cell carbohy Cell
drates H2o
needs wasts
.Fats
.proteins

Heat
The maintenance of constant internal
environment despite cellular respiration
is called homeostasis
Cell physiology
biology
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
CELL BIOLOGY
 CELL

.Cells are the building blocks of the body

The human body contains about 100 trillion
.cells
These cells are highly specialized in various
.organs to perform specific functions
The organelles are almost identical in all types
of cells
CELL STRUCTURE
:The cell membrane/1
.Phospholipid bilayer
.Thickness 7.5 nm
-:Contain 2 types of proteins
Peripheral proteins: attached to one surface of the
.cell membrane
. integral proteins: extend through the cell membrane
CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS
.Offers structural support to the membrane
.Act as antigens
.Act as ion channels for movement of water & ions
.Act as carriers for transport across the cell membrane
.Act as enzymes
Act as receptors for hormones & neurotransmitters
CELL STRUCTURE
The nucleus-2
.Contain chromatin (DNA) & one or more nucleoli
DNA carries the genetic information to the daughter
.cells & gives RNA by transcription
RNA is translated to proteins in ribosomes
The proteins may act with in the cell or may be packed
within vesicles for secretion to the outside
CELL STRUCTURE-NUCLEUS
 CELL STRUCTURE
:The endoplasmic reticulum/3
-:types 2
:smooth endoplasmic reticulum)1
.has no ribosomes on its surface
.For synthesis of lipid & steroids
:Rough endoplasmic reticulum )2
Has ribosomes on its surface
For protein synthesis
CELL STRUCTURE-ENDOPLASMIC
RETICIULUM
GOLGI APPARATUS

Closely associated with the=

.rough endoplasmic reticulum
Process and package the=
synthesized proteins into
Secretory vesicles
`
MITOCHONDRIA

.Power houses of cells=

Contain the respiratory enzymes for=
.oxidative phosphorylation of glucose
This result in release of high quantity of=
.ATP
ATP provides energy used by the cell to=
.perform its function(Na/K pump)
LYSOSOMES

contain enzymes(peroxidases) which lyse=

foreign bodies( bacteria, antigens,
parasites e.t.c)
OTHER ORGANELLES
Cytoskeleton.1
transport vesicles between organelles=
maintain cell shape=
:has different types of fibers=
Microtubules.1
II. Microfilaments
III. Macrofilaments
Centromere.2
cytoplasm.3
Transport across
cell membrane
(Flux)
There is continuous movement of O2,
CO2, nutrient, electrolytes & waste
products across cell membrane in both
direction as exchange process between
intracellular compartment and
interstitial compartment
 MECHANISMS OF TRANSPORT ACROSS
CELL MEMBRANE

Active passive
Endocytosis
Exocytosis

Simple Facilitated
primary secondary diffusion diffusion
 SIMPLE DIFFUSION= ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Mainly fat soluble

substances fatty acids,
steroid hormones
O2 & CO2

H2O
VIA aquaporin channels
Also called osmosis

No channel or transporter
 FACILITATED DIFFUSION=ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Water soluble
substances like
electrolytes(Na ,K , CL)

FACILITATED BY transporter or channel

FACILITATED DIFFUSION
.Do not consume energy in the process of transport
Have a maximum rate of transport that depends on
.the density of the carriers on the cell membrane
The maximum rate is reached when all the carriers
.are saturated
Example: is the transport of glucose from the ECF to
the inside the cell by glucose transporters
ACTIVE TRANSPORT

.Consume energy in transport

Transport substances against the concentration
. gradient
.Need carrier for transport
: There are 2 types of active transport
.Primary
.Secondary
PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Is the transport of a substance against its

.chemical or electrical gradient
.Consume energy
.Use a carrier for transport
E.g: Na+ - k+ pump
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

A substance attached to a carrier of

another substance that is transport
.actively
:types
Co-transport: both substances carried
together for same direction of the
.primary substance
Antiport: in the opposite direction of the
.primary substance
vein artery
capillary
RBC,WBC,
PROTIENS
PLT

water
o2 Co2 glucose electrolytes

CELL CELL
Thank you
OTHER TRANSPORT MECHANISMS
-: Endocytosis (active transport)
.Is the uptake of molecules into the cell
The molecule fuses with the cell membrane,
invagainates it & then the invagination is separated
.from the cell membrane in the form of vesicle
When the engulfed substance is dissolved in fluid the
.process is called pinocytosis
When it was solid like bacteria the process is called
.phagocytosis
 ENDOCYTOSIS

phagocytosis

pinocytosis

receptor-mediated
endocytosis
-:Exocytosis (active transport)
Is the release of substances from the
cell
.Opposite to endocytosis
E.g: protein synthesized within the
cell are packed into Secretory
vesicles and secreted by exocytosis
EXOCYTOSIS
HOMEOSTASIS

.Is the constancy of the internal environment

The cell of the body surrounded by water (ECF) which
.called internal environment
Which is the link between the external world and the
.cells
It carries nutrients to the cells & eliminates their waste
products
Disturbance of this internal environment impairs the
.functions of cells & result in disease
ALL SYSTEMS IN THE BODY
HAVE ONE GALL
TO MAINTAIN THE
CONSTANCY OF THE
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
HOMEOSTASIS
TARGETS OF HOMEOSTASIS

Regulation of BLOOD PRESURE.1

PH.2
electrolyte balance .3
.Regulation of temperature.4
water balance.5
 MECHANISMS OF HEMOSTASIS
Neural mechanisms.1
Done by reflex arch

CNS control center

Afferent
nerve

Efferent nerve
receptor Effector
organ
:The effecter organ could be
muscle(smooth or skeletal).1.
gland.2
:Hormonal mechanism.2
:Achieved by
Negative feed back.1
Positive feedback mechanism.2
 Pituitary
positive gland

hormone

Negative

gland
vein artery
capillary
RBC,WBC,
PROTIENS
PLT

water
o2 Co2 glucose electrolytes

CELL CELL