School of Medicine

Physiology Lecture-Chapter I
Margot D. Papas-Alcontin, M.D.
Friday|8:00-12:00
FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN BODY AND CONTROL OF
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

PHYSIOLOGY - It is in constant motion throughout the

- Science that seeks to explain the body. It is transported rapidly in the
physical and chemical mechanisms circulating blood and then mixed
that are responsible for the origin, between the blood and tissue fluids
development, and progression of life by diffusion through capillary walls
- Composed of ions and nutrients
HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY needed by the cell to maintain life
- Explains the specific characteristics
and mechanisms of the human body EXTRACELLULAR INTRACELLULAR
that make it a living being. FLUID FLUID
- Links the basic science with -fluid inside the cell -fluid found in
medicine and integrates multiple spaces around the
functions of the cell, tissues and cell
organs into the functions of living -sodium, chloride, -potassium,
human being. bicarbonate ions magnesium, and
-oxygen, glucose, phosphate ions
fatty acids, amino
I. CELL
acids
- Basic living unit of the body -Carbon dioxide
- Entire body contains 35 to 40 trillion (transported from
cells cell to lungs->to be
- Can reproduce their own kind excreted)
- Each type of cell is specially adapted -cellular waste
to perform one or a few functions products
- Red blood cells transport oxygen (transported to the
from the lungs to tissues. They are kidney for
also most abundant of any single excretion)
type of cells in the body (25 trillion)
III. HOMEOSTASIS
MICROBIOTA - Term coined by Walter Cannon, an
- Microorganisms living in the body American physiologist
that outnumbers the human cell - Maintenance of nearly constant
- Inhabits the body (skin, mouth, gut, conditions in the internal environment
and nose) - All organs and tissues of the body
- They live in harmony with their perform functions that help maintain
human hosts and provide vital these relatively constant conditions.
functions that are essential for the - Various ions, nutrients, waste
survival of the hosts products, and other constituents of
- Can also cause diseases the body are normally regulated
within a range of values.
II. EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
- Also called as the internal
environment of the body or milieu
intérieur (Claude Bernard, 1813-
1878)

Richell May S. Villares, RMT, Karl Patrick D. Taguberi | MD-1B

 School of Medicine
Physiology Lecture-Chapter I
Margot D. Papas-Alcontin, M.D.
Friday|8:00-12:00
DISEASES
- State of disrupted homeostasis
- Even in the presence of disease,
homeostatic mechanisms continue
to operate and maintain vital
functions through multiple
compensations.
- Long due homeostatic compensation
contributes to additional
abnormalities of body function.
Pathophysiology
- Explains how the various
psychological processes are altered
in disease or injury.
THE CIRCULATORY STYSTEM
- ECF transport and mixing system
- Exchange occurs in plasma portion of
blood and the interstitial fluid that fills
the interstitial spaces
- ECF is transported through body in
two stages:
• Movement of blood through body
in blood vessels
• Movement of fluid between the
blood capillaries and
intercellular spaces between the
tissue cells
Richell May S. Villares, RMT, Karl Patrick D. Taguberi | MD-1B
ORIGIN OF NUTRIENTS IN THE ECF
1. Respiratory System
- Blood flows through the body and
lungs
- Blood picks up O2 in alveoli
- Alveolar membrane- membrane
between alveoli and lumen of
pulmonary capillaries
2. GI TRACT
- Absorption of CHO, fatty acids,
amino acids
- Blood Passes Through Walls Of GI
Tract
3. LIVER
- changes chemical compositions of
many of the substances to more
usable forms
- eliminates certain waste products
- tissues of the body: fat cells, GI
mucosa, kidneys, endocrine
glandsàhelps modify the absorbed
substances or store them until
needed
4. MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
- Muscles: used to obtain foods or
acquiring nutrients
the - Used for movement and utility
REMOVAL OF METABOLIC END
PRODUCTS
1. Removal of CO2 by lungs
- CO2 is released from blood to lung
alveoli
- CO2 is the most abundant of all
metabolic products
2. Kidneys
- Removes most of the substances
(end products of cellular metabolism)
from plasma
• Urea
• Uric acid
- Filters large quantities of plasma
through glomerular capillaries into
the tubules and then reabsorbing into
the blood substances needed by the
 School of Medicine
Physiology Lecture-Chapter I
Margot D. Papas-Alcontin, M.D.
Friday|8:00-12:00
body (glucose, amino acids, • -increases the rates of most
appropriate amounts of water, ions) chemical reactions in all cells
- Metabolic end products: through • Insulin
renal tubules -controls glucose metabolism
3. GI TRACT • Adrenocortical hormones
- Feces -controls sodium and potassium
4. LIVER ions and protein metabolism
- Detoxification • Parathyroid hormones
- Removal of ingested drugs and -controls bone calcium and
chemicals phosphate
- Secretion into bile; eliminated in the ***Nervous system controls many
feces musculature and secretory activities, while
Hormone system regulates many metabolic
REGULATION OF BODY FUNCTIONS functionsàhormones provide a regulatory
1. NERVOUS SYSTEM system that complements the nervous
- Regulated muscular and secretory system
activities
- Three major parts:
• SENSORY INPUT PORTION PROTECTION OF THE BODY
-detects the state of body or 1. IMMUNE SYSTEM
surroundings -WBC, tissue cells, thymus, lymph
-skin, eyes, ears nodes, lymph vesselsà protection from
• CNS/ INTEGRATIVE pathogens
PORTIONS -Provides mechanism from the body to
-brain and spinal cord carry out
-stores information, generate • Distinguish its own cell from
thoughts, create ambition, and harmful foreign cells and
determine reactions substances
• MOTOR OUTPUT PORTION • Destroy the invader by
-carry out one’s desire phagocytosis or producing
sensitized lymphocytes or
- AUTONOMIC SYSTEM specialized proteins (eg.,
-operates at subconscious level antibodies)
-controls many functions of
internal organs 2. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
- Hair (12-15% body weight), nails,
2. HORMONE SYSTERMS glands, and other structures
(HORMONES) - cover, cushion, and protect the
- Located in the endocrine glans, deeper tissues and organs of the
organs, and tissues that secretes body
substances called hormones. - temperature regulation
- Helps regulate cellular functions - excretion of wastes
- Transported in the extracellular fluid
to other parts of the body to help
regulate cellular function
• Thyroid hormones

Richell May S. Villares, RMT, Karl Patrick D. Taguberi | MD-1B

 School of Medicine
Physiology Lecture-Chapter I
Margot D. Papas-Alcontin, M.D.
Friday|8:00-12:00
REPRODUCTION
- generates new beings to take the
place that are dying
- maintains the automaticity and
continuity of life
IV. CONTROL SYSTEMS OF THE
BODY
- may operate within the organs to
regulate function of the individual
parts of the organs
- some operate throughout the entire
body to control the interrelationships
between the organs
EXAMPLES OF CONTROL MECHANISMS
1. Regulation of O2 and CO2
concentration in the extracellular
fluid
- O2 is one of the major substances
required for chemical reactions
- OXYGEN-BUFFERING FUNCTION
OF HEMOGLOBIN(Hgb)
• Hgb is present in all RBCs
• Hgb combines with O2 as
blood passes through the
lungs
• As blood passes through the
tissue capillaries, Hgb does
not release O2 in the tissue
fluid if too much O2
concentration into the there
• If O2 concentration is too low,
O2 is released
- CARBON DIOXIDE REGULATION
• CO2 is the major end product
of oxidative reactions in the
cells.
• Id CO2 formed in the cells
continued to accumulate in
tissue fluids, energy giving
reactions would cease
• Higher than normal CO2
conc. excites respiratory
system causing to breathe
rapidly (inc. expiration of
Richell May S. Villares, RMT, Karl Patrick D. Taguberi | MD-1B
CO2=removal of excess
CO2)
2. Regulation of Arterial Blood
Pressure
- Baroreceptor system: rapidly acting
coping mechanisms; regulation of
Arterial bld. Pressure
- Location of Baroreceptors: walls of
bifurcation region of carotid arteries
in the neck, aorta in the thorax
- Baroreceptors are stimulated by
stretch of artery walls
- High Arterial Pressure
baroreceptors send barrages of
nerve impulses to the medulla of the
brain.
• Impulses inhibit the
vasomotor center à dec. the
number of impulses
transmitted from vasomotor
center through the
sympathetic nervous system
to the heart of blood vessels
- Effects of lack of impulses
1. Diminished pumping activity
2. Dilation of peripheral blood
vesselsàinc. blood flow
• Both of the stated effects dec.
arterial pressure back toward
normal
- Low Arterial Pressure
• Relaxes the stretch receptors,
allowing vasomotor center to
be more active than usual
• Thus, causing
vasoconstriction and inc.
heart pumping
• Initial decrease in arterial
pressure initiates neg.
feedback mechanisms that
raise arterial pressure back
toward normal
 School of Medicine
Physiology Lecture-Chapter I
Margot D. Papas-Alcontin, M.D.
Friday|8:00-12:00
NORMAL RANGES
- Abnormality can cause death
- Inc. body temperature
• Inc. cellular metabolismà
destroys cell
- Dec. of Potassium ion conc: paralyze
(nerve’s inability to carry signals)
- Dec. of Calcium ion con: tetanic
concentration of muscle;
spontaneous generation of excess
nerve impulses in peripheral nerves.
- Dec. of glucose conc: extreme
mental inability and convulsions
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONTROL
SYSTEMS
1. Negative feedback
- Most control systems of the body
- Series of changes that return the
factor to its mean value; maintains
homeostasis
2. Positive feedback
- Also called as vicious cycle
- Initiating stimulus causes more of the
same response
Richell May S. Villares, RMT, Karl Patrick D. Taguberi | MD-1B
- Usually leads to instability rather than
stability (in some cases, death)
- Positive feedback can be sometimes
be useful:
• Blood clotting- clotting
factors are activated within
the clotà process continues
until plugged and bleeding no
longer occurs
• Childbirth- stretch of cervix
send signals through uterine
muscles back to the body of
uterus, causing even more
contractions
• Generation of Nerve signals-
sodium ions enters the fiber
then changes membrane
potentialàcauses more
opening of channels, more
change of potential, still more
openings of channels and so
forth, which creates nerve
action potential àflow both
inside and outside the fiber
and initiates additional action
potential. This process
continues until nerve signal
goes all the way to the end of
fiber.
FEED-FORWARD CONTROL
- Used by the brain to cause required
muscle contractions
ADAPTIVE CONTROL
- Delayed negative feedback