PENGACUAN DALAM

PENULISAN KARYA ILMIAH

Dr. Dra. Sujinah, M.Pd.

 CARA MENGACU
• Pengacuan meliputi pengutipan langsung
(menyalin apa adanya dari sumber yang telah
diterbitkan), parafrase (menyebutkan ide orang
lain dengan menggunakan kata-kata sendiri),
atau menunjukkan adanya penelitian terdahulu
tanpa mengutip langsung atau parafrase
• Ada dua cara utama dalam mengacu pustaka yang
disebutkan dalam teks: (1) Gaya Harvard (Author-
date), dan (2) Gaya Vancouver (Author-number)
• Ada gaya lain (Chicago Manual): (1) Author-date
system, and (2) Documentary Note style
 Harvard (author-date) style
This system uses the author's name and
date of publication in the body of the text,
and the bibliography is given
alphabetically by author. There are many
variations on the style - examples are
below:
 Example
"The author has discussed the implications of
these proposals on the National Health Service
in another paper (Loft, 1991). Other writers
have commented on related issues, notably Lane
(1992, 1994) and Lewis (1995, p.54). "
Names and dates are enclosed in parentheses
unless the author's name is part of the sentence.
If two papers are cited by the same author, and
both are published in the same year, the first
should be referenced as (Loft 1997a), then (Loft
1997b), and so on.
The full citation is listed at the end of the article, which
is arranged in alphabetical order by author. Journal
names are given in full and are italicised, as are
book names. References would be cited as follows:
Annas, G.J. (1997a), 'New drugs for acute
respiratory distress syndrome', New England Journal
of Medicine, vol. 337, no. 6, pp. 435-439.
Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, J.B. (1993), Marijuana: the
forbidden medicine, Yale University Press, London.
 Variations on the Harvard style
Universities (and journals) have many variations for use in
their own institutions, a few examples are linked below.
Leicester University (UK)
Year of publication is not in brackets and is followed by a
full stop; article titles are not placed within quotes, volume
numbers are in bold and are not spelled out;
www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.html
Monash University (Aus)
Article titles are in double quotes;
http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html
University of Western Australia (Aus)
In this recommendation, the year of publication is not in
brackets;
www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training___and___supp
ort/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources
Vancouver (author-number) style
The Vancouver system differs from
Harvard by using a number series to
indicate references. Bibliographies list
these in numerical order as they appear in
the text. The main advantage of the
Vancouver style is that the main text reads
more easily, and some editors consider
this to be less obtrusive. Additionally,
references in the bibliography are directly
correlated to numbers, saving the reader
time in searching alphabetically for the
first author of a reference.
Vancouver (author-number) style
Vancouver style is so named as it is based on
the work of a group, first meeting in Vancouver
in 1978, which became the International
Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).
The style was developed by the US National
Library of Medicine (NLM) and adopted by the
ICMJE as part of their 'uniform requirements for
manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals'.

The NLM's annual publication 'list of journals

indexed in Index Medicus' lists journals and their
accepted abbreviations. The NLM abbreviation
for a journal title is commonly required by
medical journals.
 Example
"The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on
the National Health Service in another paper (1). Other writers
have commented on related issues, notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis
(4). "
References in the Vancouver style would be cited in numerical
order as below. This is a more economical style than Harvard, and
excessive punctuation, spacing and formatting is absent. Journal
names are abbreviated.
(1) Annas GJ. New drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome.
N Engl J Med. 1997;337:435-9.
(2) Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Marijuana: the forbidden medicine.
London: Yale University Press; 1993.
(3) Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural neurology and
neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.
The Chicago Manual of
Style

The Chicago Manual of Style

allows for two different types of
reference styles: the Author-
Date System and the
Documentary-Note Style.
 Author-Date System
Book - single author

Citation in (Holmlund 2002) Reference List Holmlund, C. 2002.

Text Form Impossible bodies:
feminity and
masculinity at the
movies. New York:
Routledge.
Book - more than one author

Citation in (Craton and Reference List Craton, M. and G.

Text Saunders 1992) Form Saunders. 1992.
Islanders in the
Stream: A history of
the Bahamian people.
Athens: University of
Georgia Press.
 Author-Date System

Chapter from a book

Citation in (Repgen 1992) Reference List Repgen, K. 1987. What is

Text Form a 'Religious War'? In
Politics and society in
Reformation Europe,
edited by E. I. Kouri and
T. Scott, 311-328.
London: Macmillan.
Article from journal

Citation in (Herring 1998) Reference List Herring, G. 1998. The

Text Form Beguiled: Misogynist
myth or feminist fable?
Literature Film Quarterly
26 (3): 214-219.
 Author-Date System
Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database

Citation in (Yin 2003) Reference List Yin, Sandra. 2003.

Text
Newspaper article – no author
Form Color bind. American
Demographics 25,
(7): 22-26. Academic
Search Premier, via
Galileo,
http://www.galileo.us
g.edu

Citation in (Chicago Tribune Reference List Chicago Tribune.

Text 1994) Form 1994. Gun injuries
take financial toll on
hospitals, February
24.
 Documentary-Note Style
Book - single author
Footnote 2. Chris Holmlund, Bibliographic Holmlund, Chris.
form Impossible Bodies: form ImpossibleBodies:
(first Femininity and Femininity and
footnote) Masculinity at the Masculinity at the
Movies (New York: Movies. New York:
Routledge, 2002), 159. Routledge, 2002.
Book - more than one author
Footnote 1. Michael Craton Bibliographic Craton, M. and G.
form and Gail Saunders, form Saunders. Islanders in
(first Islanders in the the Stream: A History
footnote) Stream: A History of of the Bahamian
the Bahamian People. Athens:
People (Athens: University of Georgia
University of Press, 1992.
Georgia Press,
1992), 24.
 Documentary-Note Style
Chapter from a book
Footnote 1. Konrad Repgen, Bibliographic Repgen, Konrad. "What
form "What is a form is a 'Religious War'?" In
(first 'Religious War'?" in Politics and Society in
footnote) Politics and Society Reformation Europe,
in Reformation edited by E. I. Kouri and
Europe, ed. E. I. Tom Scott, 311-328.
Kouri and Tom London: Macmillan,
Scott, 324 (London: 1987.
Macmillan, 1987).
Article from journal
Footnote 1. Gina Herring, Bibliographic Herring, Gina. "The
form "The Beguiled: form Beguiled: Misogynist
(first Misogynyist Myth or Myth or Feminist
footnote) Feminist Fable?" Fable?" Literature Film
Literature Film Quarterly 26, no. 3
Quarterly 26, no. 3 (1998): 214-219.
(1998): 216.
 Documentary-Note Style
Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database
Footnote 3. Sandra Yin, "Color Bibliographic Yin, Sandra. "Color
form Bind," American form Bind." American
(first Demographics, 25, Demographics 25, no.
footnote) no. 7 (2003). 7 (2003): 22-26.
Academic Search Academic Search
Premier, via Galileo, Premier, via Galileo,
http://www.galileo.usg http://www.galileo.usg
.edu .edu
Newspaper article - no author
Footnote form 1. Chicago Bibliographic Chicago Tribune,
(first footnote) Tribune, "Gun form "Gun Injuries Take
Injuries Take Financial Toll on
Financial Toll on Hospitals," February
Hospitals," sec. 24, 1994.
1, February 24,
1994.
 Form for Additional Footnote References

Use this form after the first complete 2. Kelly, 256.

reference if only one work by this author is
used:
Use this form for additional references 2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81.
when more than one work by this author is
used:
 CATATAN KAKI/AKHIR dan FUNGSINYA

Catatan yang ditempatkan di bagian bawah

halaman atau di akhir artikel disebut catatan
kaki/akhir .
Fungsinya adalah:
1) Memberikan informasi bibliografis tentang
pustaka yang diacu (lihat the documentary-
note style in Chicago Manual of Style)
2) Memberikan penjelasan tambahan tentang
suatu hal yang disebut dalam teks utama
dengan tujuan agar tidak mengganggu alur
paparan dalam teks utama.
 PENULISAN DAFTAR YANG DIACU

• Ada 2 sistem penulisan daftar yang diacu:

Bibliography dan Reference
• Dalam Bibliography, semua pustaka yang
ditelaah oleh penulis dicantumkan dalam
daftar, baik yang diacu dalam teks maupun
yang tidak diacu dalam teks
• Dalam Reference, hanya pustaka yang diacu
yang ditulis dalam daftar: yang diacu dalam
teks dicantumkan dalam daftar, yang ada
dalam daftar harus diacu dalam teks
 VARIASI DALAM MENULIS DAFTAR RUJUKAN

• Masing-masing pedoman memiliki variasi

dalam menulis daftar rujukan dalam hal
• menulis nama penulis
• menulis tahun penerbitan
• urutan informasi bibliografis
• penggunaan huruf kapital dan huruf miring
• menulis singkatan
 TUJUAN MENGACU PUSTAKA
• Menunjukkan adanya kesenjangan antara
hasil-hasil penelitian terdahulu dalam
bidang yang sedang diteliti sehingga akan
jelas kontribusi keilmuan penelitian yang
bersangkutan
• Menunjukkan garis depan perkembangan
keilmuan dalam bidang tertentu sebagai
hasil akumulasi temuan-temuan penelitian
sebelumnya (state-of-the-art)
 TUJUAN MENGACU PUSTAKA (2)
• Mengakui adanya penelitian terdahulu
yang serupa yang bisa digunakan sebagai
bahan pembanding
• Mendukung ide dan argumentasi yang
dipaparkan oleh penulis artikel
• Menghindari plagiasi yang tak disengaja
 CARA MENGUTIP LANGSUNG
• Mengutip langsung sebagai cara
pengacuan bertujuan untuk memberikan
bukti orisinal berupa kata, frase, atau
kalimat yang diambil dari pustaka rujukan
yang relevan
• Ada 2 cara mengutip langsung, tergantung
pada panjang-pendeknya yang dikutip: (1)
kurang dari 40 kata (kurang dari 4 baris),
atau (2) 40 kata atau lebih (4 baris atau
lebih)
 CARA MENGUTIP LANGSUNG (2)

• Jika kurang dari 40 kata atau kurang dari

4 baris, kutipan dipadukan dalam teks
dan ditandai dengan tanda kutip.
• Jika 40 kata atau lebih, atau 4 baris atau
lebih, paparkan kutipan dalam bentuk
alinea tersendiri, tanpa disertai tanda
kutip.
 Buku
Anderson, D.W., Vault, V.D. & Dickson, C.E.
1999. Problems and Prospects for the
Decades Ahead: Competency Based
Teacher Education. Berkeley:
McCutchan Publishing Co.
 Buku kumpulan artikel
Saukah, A. & Waseso, M.G. (Ed). 2002.
Menulis Artikel untuk Jurnal Ilmiah
(Edisi ke-4, cetakan ke-1). Malang: UM
Press.
 Artikel dalam buku kumpulan
artikel
Russel, T. 1998. “An Alternative Conception:
Representing Representation”. Dalam
P.J. Black & A. Lucas (Eds.), Children’s
Informal Ideas in Science (hlm.62-84).
London: Routledge.
 Buku terjemahan
Ary, D., Jacobs, L.C. & Razavieh, A. 1976.
Pengantar Penelitian Pendidikan.
Terjemahan oleh Arief Furchan.1982.
Surabaya: Usaha Nasional.
 Skripsi, tesis, disertasi, laporan
penelitian
Sujinah. 2011. Model Pengembangan
Kurikulum dan Pembelajaran Siswa
Cerdas Istimewa Mata Pelajaran Bahasa
Indonesia SMP. Disertasi tidak
diterbitkan. Surabaya: PPS Unesa.
 Makalah seminar, lokakarya,
penataran
Waseso, M.G. 2001. Isi dan Format Jurnal
llmiah. Makalah disajikan dalam
Seminar Lokakarya Penulisan Artikel
dan Pengelolaan Jurnal Ilmiah.
Universitas Lambungmangkurat.
Banjarmasin. 9-11 Agustus.
 Internet (karya individual)
Hitchcock, S., Carr, L. & Hall, W. 1996. A
Survey of STM online Journals, 1990-
1995: The Calm before the Storm,
(Online),
(http://journal.ecs.soton.ac.uk/survey/s
urvey.html, diakses 12 Juni 1996).
 Internet (artikel dalam jurnal
online)
Kumaidi. 1998. “Pengukuran Bekal Awal
Belajar dan Pengembangan Tesnya”.
Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan. (Online). Jilid 5,
No. 4,
(http://www.malang.ac.id.diakses 20
Januari 2000).
 Internet (bahan diskusi)
Wilson, D. 20 November 1995. Summary of
Citing Internet Sites. NETTRAIN
Discussion List, (Online),
(NETTRAIN@ubvm.cc.duffalo.edu,
diakses 22 November 1995).
 Internet (e-mail pribadi)
Naga, D.S. (ikip-jkt@indo.net.id). 1 Oktober
1997. Artikel untuk JIP. E-mail kepada
Ali Saukah (jippsi@mlg, ywcn.or.id).
Artikel dalam jurnal atau majalah
Kansil, C.L. 2002. “Orientasi Baru
Penyelenggaraan Pendidikan Program
Profesional dalam Memenuhi
Kebutuhan Dunia Industri”. Transpor,
XX (4): 57-61.
 Artikel dalam koran
Pitunov, B. 13 Desember 2002. “Sekolah
Unggulan ataukah Sekolah
Penggunggulan?” Majapahit Pos, hlm. 4
& 11.
Tulisan/berita dalam koran (tanpa
nama pengarang)
Jawa Pos. 22 April 1995. Wanita Kelas
Bawah Lebih Mandiri, hlm.3.
 Dokumen Resmi
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 2
tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional.
1990. Jakarta: PT Armas Duta Jaya.

Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan

Bahasa. 1978. Pedoman Penulisan
Laporan Penelitian. Jakarta:
Depdikbud.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
American Psychological Association. 2005.
Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (5th Ed.).
Washington, D.C.: APA.
Rifai, M.A. 2005. Pegangan Gaya Penulisan,
Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan: Karya Ilmiah
Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University
Press.
Universitas Negeri Malang. 2000. Pedoman Penulisan
Karya Ilmiah. Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang
Internet sources (see a separate sheet)
TERIMA KASIH