Feedback circuites

regulate
Campbell 41.5
Feedback circuits regulate ..
01
Digestion
02
Energy storage
03
Appetite &
Consumption
 A cc e
RECAP - S
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01
Regulation
of digestion
 Many animals go for long intervals between meals and do
not need their digestive systems to be active continuously.
Instead, each step in processing is activated as food reaches a
new compartment in the alimentary canal.
For example,
- The release of saliva when food enters the oral cavity.
- Swallowing when a bolus of food reaches the pharynx.
Similarly, the arrival of food in the stomach triggers the release of gastric juices.
 Regulation of digestion:

Nervous Digestion Hormonal Digestion

(enteric division) (endocrine system)

Auto
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- P mpathetic ous s:
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- E ra-sympat
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 Regulation of digestion:

Nervous Digestion Hormonal Digestion

(enteric division) (endocrine system)

Regulates peristalsis and secretion in Released by stomach & duodenum.

small & large intestines. Help insure that digestive secretions are
present only when needed.

Transported through bloodstream.

As food arrives stomach, it stretches the
stomach walls, triggering release of the
hormone gastrin.
Gastrin circulates via bloodstream back to
the stomach, where it stimulates
production of gastric juices.

- Released from Flows to function

Stomach – Stimulation –
Gastrin As food arrives
Stomach
Producing gastric juices
Chyme (acidic mixture of partially digested food,
passes from stomach to duodenum. The
duodenum responds to amino acids or fatty acids
in the chyme by releasing digestive hormones
CCK and secretin.
Cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulates the release of
digestive enzymes from pancreas and
bile from gallbladder.
Secretin stimulates the pancreas to release
bicarbonate (HCO3–), neutralizing chyme.
- Released from Flows to function
Stimulation –
Pancreas
Release digestive enzymes
Duodenum –
CCK As chyme arrives
Stimulation –
Gallbladder
Release bile

Duodenum – Stimulation –
Secretin As chyme arrives
Pancreas
Release bicarbonate
If the chyme is rich in fats, the high
levels of secretin and CCK
released act on the stomach to inhibit
peristalsis and secretion of
gastric juices, thereby slowing digestion.

- Released from Flows to function

Inhibition –
Duodenum – Inhibit peristalsis and secretion
Secretin and CCK Chyme rich in fats
Stomach
of gastric juices,
Slowing digestion,
 Feedbacks regulating digestion
- Released from Flows to function
Stomach – Stimulation –
Gastrin As food arrives
Stomach
Producing gastric juices

Stimulation –
Pancreas
Release digestive enzymes
Duodenum –
CCK As chyme arrives
Stimulation –
Gallbladder
Release bile

Duodenum – Stimulation –
Secretin As chyme arrives
Pancreas
Release bicarbonate

Inhibition –
Duodenum – Inhibit peristalsis and secretion of
Secretin and CCK Chyme rich in fats
Stomach
gastric juices,
Slowing digestion,
02
Regulation
of
ENERGY
STORAGE
 Glycogen
The first sites for energy storage are Liver & Muscle cells
In there cells, excess energy from diet is stored in glycogen
A Polymer
Once glycogen depots are full, made up of
Any additional excess energy is stored in fat in adipose cells. many glucose
units.
Fats
Fats are especially reach in energy: oxidizing a gram of fat
liberates about twice energy liberated from a gram of
carbohydrate or protein.
So, adipose tissue provides the most space-sufficient way for
body to store large amounts of energy.
 Glucose homeostasis

Importance
- Maintain metabolic balance.

Idea of operation
 Pancreas: Secreting Insulin or Glucagon.
 Liver: Synthesis or breakdown of glycogen.
Glucose homeostasis

When you eat

When hungry
03

Regulation of
appetite and
Consumption
 Overnourishment
- Overnourishment, the consumption of more calories than the
body needs for normal metabolism, causes obesity, the
excessive accumulation of fat.

- Obesity, contributes to a number of health problems, including

the most common type of diabetes (type 2), cancer of the
colon and breast, and cardiovascular disease that can lead to
heart attacks and strokes
 A few of the
appetite-regulating
hormones.
PYY (PeptideYY): A hormone concerned with hunger and the lack of
hunger (satiety). Soon after eating, PYY is secreted into the blood by cells
lining the lower small intestine (the ileum) and the colon. The release of
PYY begins before nutrients arrive in the lower small intestine and the
colon.
 Hunger and Satiety

Several hormones regulate long-term and short-term

appetite by affecting a “satiety center” in the brain.

Mice with mutations in the ob or db gene eat

voraciously and become much heavier than normal.

ob gene is required to produce the satiety factor,

and the db gene is required to respond to the
factor.
 Cloning of the ob gene led to the demonstration that it codes for the hormone
now known as leptin (from the Greek lepto, thin). The db gene encodes
the leptin receptor. Leptin and the leptin receptor are key components of
the circuitry that regulates appetite over the long term

- Leptin is a product of adipose cells.

Guess how the feedback loop of Leptin occurs?

 Guess how the feedback loop of Leptin
occurs?

levels rise when the amount of body fat increases,

cuing the brain to suppress appetite (see
Figure 41.20). Conversely, loss of fat
decreases leptin levels, signaling the brain to
increase appetite. In this way, the feedback
signals provided by leptin maintain body fat
levels within a set range
 Case Study
Obesity and evolution
Consider the plump offspring of the seabirds called
petrels. Their parents must fly long distances to find
food. Most of the food that they bring to their chicks is
very rich in lipids. The fact that fat has about twice as
many calories per gram as other fuels minimizes the
number of foraging trips. However, growing petrels
need lots of protein for building new tissues, and there
is relatively little in their oily diet.

To get all the protein they need, young petrels must

consume many more calories than they burn in
metabolism, and consequently they become obese.

The youngsters must then fast for several days to lose

enough weight to be capable of flight
 Made by

3A 3A

Rozan Gehad Toka Tarek