Stimulating Neurotransmitters

Duodenum Absorbs =>GIT Fe, folate, Ca+ and Zn Inhibiting Neurotransmitters

Ach, Subp Esophagus, LES VIP/NO
Distal ileum Absorbs => Vitb12, chylomicrons (fat), bile salt and intrinsic factor.
Ach, Histamine,Stomach
Gastrin Absorbs => Alcohol
Stomach Somatostatin
VIP, GRP, Ach Colon Absorbs => shortPancreas
chain fatty acid
CCK, Ach Gallbladder VIP/NO (Act on sphincter of oddi)
Ach, Subp Small intestine VIP/NO
Aldosterone Colon

Hormone GI origin Cell Released in response to Hormone function

origin
Ghrelin Stomach/duodenum D1 In response to fasting, Circulating orexigen => stimulate appetite.
Anorexia, celiac disease
and peak with
scheduled feeding
Gastrin Gastric antrum/duodenum G Released by vagal Stimulates gastric acid secretion and growth (maintains the integrity of
stimulation from the the gastric mucosa)
CNS, gastric distension,
proteins and peptides in
the stomach
CCK Duodenum/Jejunum I Released by fat and Stimulates pancreatic secretion, contracts gallbladder, delays gastric
protein in meals emptying, and reduces meal size and duration
Secretin Duodenum/Jejunum S In response to low pH Stimulates pancreatic and hepatic bicarbonate secretion
of acid chyme
Motilin Duodenum/Jejunum M In response to - Triggers MMC.
interdigestive phase by - Speeds gastric emptying, increases small intestinal, gallbladder &
a neural mechanism to colonic motility
trigger the migrating
motor complex
GIP Duodenum/Jejunum K Incretin Effect-enhance insulin secretion.
- lipogenic and maintains integrity of adipocytes
- Increases bone growth
- Reduces energy expenditure
GLP-1 Ileum/Large bowel (mainly L In response to fat and Incretin Effect-enhance insulin secretion.
colon) glucose - Potently inhibits food intake

Oxyntumodulin L Satiating agent:

- Inhibits food intake for several hours and increase voluntary
movement.
- Inhibit gastric secretion & emptying
Anorectic effect:
- suppression of ghrelin release
PPY L
PP Pancrease PP