CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
TPS 551:
PLANNING THEORY
ASSIGNMENT 2:
CHARACTERISTIC OF
THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
PREPARED BY:
1) MUHAMMAD AZRUL ARIF BIN MOHD IZHAM (2021355021)
2) MUHAMAD AFIF NAJMI BIN MOHAMAD NASIR (2021329763)
3) MOHAMMAD ILHAM BIN HAMID (2021355073)
4) MUHAMMAD AIMAN BIN JAFRI
(2021355003)
GROUP:
AAP221 5A (GROUP 1)
SESSION
OCTOBER 2021 – FEBRUARY 2022
SUBMISSION DATE:
8 DECEMBER 2021
PREPARE FOR:
GS. DR. NOR HISHAM BIN MD SAMAN
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
TABLE OF CONTENT
CONTENT PAGE
LIST OF FIGURE i
LIST OF TABLE i
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Blueprint Planning 1-1
1.2 Rational Comprehensive Planning 1-1
1.3 Mixed Scanning 1-2
1.4 Middle Range Planning 1-2
2.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES 2-3
2.1 Blueprint Planning and Rational Comprehensive Planning 2-3
2.2 Mixed Scanning and Middle Range Planning 2-4
3.0 CONCLUSION 3-5
REFERENCES
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE NO PAGE
Figure 1.1 :Martin Meyerson 2
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE NO. PAGE
Table 2.1 : The Characteristic Between Blueprint Planning and Rational 3
Comprehensive Planning
Table 2.2 :The Characteristic Between Mixed Scanning and Middle 4
Range Planning
i
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
According to Thomas, M. J. (1979) stated that procedural planning theory is
concerned with the creation and implementation of plans. It is concerned with
the procedures and strategies used by planners in theory work, as well as the
operational modes of planning organizations. There are several theories in
procedural theory, among them are Blueprint Planning, Rational Comprehensive
Planning, Mixed Scanning Planning and Middle Range Planning.
1.1 Blueprint Planning
The blueprint approach to planning is defined by Faludi (1973) as an approach
whereby a planning agency operates a program though to attain its objectives
with certainty according to set objectives and that modification during
implementation is not anticipated. Korten (1980) described blueprint planning
as “the project, its identification, formulation, design, appraisal, selection,
organization, implementation, supervision, termination and evaluation that is
treated as the basic unit of development action”. It is based upon the above
attributes that the blueprint planning approach is criticized.
1.2 Rational Comprehensive Planning
Faludi (Faludi, 1983) regarded planning as a decision-making process aiming at
resolving some of the many issues that planners face. He reasoned that rational
planning entails evaluating all feasible actions in terms of their costs and
benefits, as well as ensuring that these considerations encompass alternate aims
and that planning responds malleably to changing conditions or scenarios. The
concept of rationality influenced policy analysis and planning in a big way.
Techniques and entire methodologies were based on certain assumptions
(Lawless, 1986).
1
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
1.3 Mixed Scanning Planning
According to Ibrahim, M. (2014) the mixed scanning model, as defined as
combining the rationalistic and incremental approaches by combining high order,
fundamental policy-making processes that are considered long term scanning,
and incremental processes that are related to fundamental decisions that are
considered short term scanning. The scanning process gives a technique for
evaluation, and the flexibility to scan multiple levels of conditions makes it a
viable tool for decision-making in various levels of environmental stability.
This approach is used to avoid overcommitment to precedent and past
experience. Furthermore, this approach is significantly more realistic than an
unrealistically detailed rational model. This method is also popular since it
describes the process that the planner really follows.
1.4 Middle Range Planning
Middle-range planning is the planning over a period of between about 10 years
and 25 years into the future which is intermediate between short-range planning
and long-range planning. It is also known as middle term planning or mid-term
planning (Oxford References). Middle-range planning is the idea by Martin
Meyerson in 1956 and his book is Building the Middle Range Bridge for
Comprehensive Planning (Refer to Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1: Martin Meyerson
Sources: Google Images, 2007
2
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
2.0 CHARACTERISTIC OF PROCEDURAL THEORIES
Procedural theories have four types which are Blueprint Planning, Rational
Comprehensive Planning, Mid Scanning, and Middle Range Planning.
2.1 Different Between Blueprint Planning and Rational
Comprehensive Planning
There are three characteristics between Blueprint Planning and Rational
Comprehensive Planning (Refer to Table 2.1).
Table 2.1: The Characteristic Between Blueprint Planning and Rational
Comprehensive Planning
Blueprint Planning Rational Comprehensive Planning
a) Emphasis on careful and a) Process of understanding a problem
detailed pre-planning, and its by establishing and evaluating
conceptual and actual planning criteria, formulation of
separation of planning from alternatives and implementing them
implementation. and finally monitoring the progress
of the chosen alternatives.
b) The inappropriateness of the b) Due to its tendency towards scientific
assumptions of the blueprint method and its decision-making
approach that exhaustive process, its emphasis on technical
analysis will aid the expertise and skills and its steadfast
understanding of complex belief that technology and social
problems, and that there will science can be used to solve our
be a direct relationship problems.
between government policy,
action and outcomes.
c) The goals of development are c) Goals are broad statements that we
understood as essentially intend to achieve. They are quite
economic and unproblematic, general and abstract. are more
and the means of their specific, measurable and clear as they
accomplishment essentially a help to progress towards the goals.
problem of technique. They are the means to actually fulfil
the goals.
Sources: Gilbraith, 2014
3
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
2.2 Different Between Mixed Scanning and Middle Range Planning
There are many characteristics between mixed scanning and middle-range
planning theories on the procedural theories (Refer to Table 2.2).
Table 2.2: The Characteristics Between Mixed Scanning and Middle Range
Planning
Mid Scanning Middle Range Planning
a) Defined as combines the a) Middle-range planning is a
rationalistic and incremental planning process over a period
approaches by combining high of between 10 and 25 years that
order. add certain intermediate
function to traditional long and
short-range planning (Oxford
References & Andreas Faludi,
1973).
b) Key policy-making procedures b) Middle range planning is the
that are considered long-term bridge between decisions about
scanning, and incremental a project and decisions on a
processes that are related to comprehensive long term plan
fundamental decisions that are (Andreas Faludi, 1973).
considered short-term scanning.
c) Minimizing the specifics c) The idea of developing the
necessary in basic judgments, middle range planning by
mixed-scanning eliminates the Martin Meyerson in 1956 to
unrealistic features of rationalism address the shortcoming of
and aids in overcoming planning agencies.
incrementalism's conservative tilt
by considering longer-run options
(Etzioni, 1967).
d) As the term implies, mixed d) There are four additional
scanning entails two sets of middle-range planning roles
judgments. The first are broad, and functions suggested by
fundamental decisions about the Martin Meyerson which are
organization's basic policy and central intelligence function,
direction. The second are the pulse-taking function, the
incremental decisions that pave policy clarification function, the
the way for new, fundamental detailed development function
judgments and that implement and and the feedback review
particularize them once they have function (Andreas Faludi,
been made. 1973).
Sources: Oxford References, Book of A Reader in Planning Theory (1973) & Etzioni (1967)
4
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
3.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, procedures are related to planning processes and techniques, and modes
of operation of planning agencies. It concerns the processes and techniques used by
planners in their work as well as the mode of operation of the planning agency. This
assignment is more focused on the characteristic of the procedural theories which are
between Blueprint Planning and Rational Comprehensive Planning and between Mixed
Scanning and Middle Range Planning. Therefore, we can able to acquire knowledge on
how the four procedural theories address the planning problem.
5
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL PLANNING,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY,
CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR TOWN & REGIONAL
UNIVERSITI PLANNING,
TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND TECHNOLOGY, SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA PERAK BRANCH,
SERI ISKANDAR CAMPUS
REFERENCES
Etzioni, A. (1967). Mixed Scanning: A “Third” Approach to Decision Making. Public
Administration Review, 27(5), 385–392. Retrieved 1967 from
[Link]
Ibrahim, M. (2014). Mixed Scanning Approach to Budgetary Decision Making: A
Review. Journal of Management & Public Policy, 6(1). Retrieved 2014 from
[Link]
[Link]
Faludi, A. (1973). A Reader in Planning Theory. Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sydney,
Paris, and Frankfurt. Pergamon Press
Faludi, A., 1983. Critical Rationalism and Planning Methodology. Urban Studies, 20(3),
pp. 265-278
Gilbraith, M. (2014, August 11). “Blueprint” and “Process” Approach to Planning Rural
Development Initiatives, from Martin Gilbraith
Lawless, P., 1986. The Evolution of Spatial Policy. A Case Study of Inner-urban Policy
in the United Kingdom. Print book: English ed. London: Pion.
Thomas, M. J. (1979). The Procedural Planning Theory of A. Faludi. Planning Outlook,
22(2), 72–76. doi:10.1080/00320717908711582
Oxford References. Mid-Range Planning. Retrieved from
[Link]
ASSIGNMENT 2: CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PROCEDURAL THEORIES
